Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Assessing contemporary methodologies for diagnosing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) involves scrutinizing various diagnostic approaches, including serological tests, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), and point-of-care testing (POCT). Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), detect HIV-specific antibodies or antigens in blood samples, offering cost-effective and widely accessible screening options. NAATs, notably polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, detect HIV RNA or DNA with high sensitivity and specificity, facilitating early detection, particularly during the window period. POCT, like lateral flow assays, provide rapid results within minutes, enabling decentralized testing and immediate linkage to care. The integration of these diverse diagnostic modalities enhances the diagnostic landscape by ensuring comprehensive coverage, timely detection, and accessibility, thereby advancing efforts towards early diagnosis, treatment initiation, and prevention of HIV transmission.
A study was carried to ascertain the potency of some techniques used in diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two hundred and five samples (203) were collected from the patients from the university of Nigerian teaching hospital and was analysed using Elisa kit, which has the ability to detect antibodies and antigens in the patients serum, the Western blots were used as the confirmatory test, to the Elisa test, In case where there is false positive of Elisa test, it is specific and sensitive, Radioimmunoasay looks for the antigens which are radioactively label. The patients result shows that 154 patients out of the 205 diagnosed were negative and only 51 patients were positive. The Elisa kit were best used because of its sensitivity and specificity. It is very cheap and can be easily seen in the market, unlike the Radiommunoassay which are rare and very expensive to be used.
Title page
Certification
Acknowledgment
Dedication
Abstract
List of tables
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Hypothesis
1.2 Aims and Objectives
1.3 Statement of problem
1.4 Limitation of study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Pathogenesis of HIV infection
2.2 Epidemiology of HIV
2.3 Transmission of HIV infection
2.4 Viral replication of HIV
2.5 Symptoms of HIV infection
2.6 Life cycle of HIV
2.7 Facts about HIV/AIDS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Current diagnosis of HIV infection
3.2 Laboratory diagnosis
3.3 Radiomminoassay
3.4 Enzymes Linked immunosorbentassay Elisa
3.5 Western blot
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
4.1 Discussion and conclusion
References
Appendices
INTRODUCTION
The Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) a condition that slowly destroys the body Immune system and makes the body vulnerable to infections. The virus is typically called Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because it destroys the Immune system of the individual which is responsible for protecting the individual from disease. The immunodeficiency associated with, HIV infection can be enormous, and it is the major cause of death, due to the disfucntion of immune system. The problem with AIDS is , sits neurological dementia complex. HIV is a lentivirus, a subgroup of retrovirus. The family of virus is known for lafency, persistent viremia, infection of the nervous system and weak hot immune system. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is small ultra-microscopic organism that infect living things and uses them to make copies of itself when one’s Immune system is damaged by HIV, AIDS take place (Gallants, 1999).
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in Homosexual men in New York city. In the united states the HIV is now known to have originated from chimpanzees, transmission from chimps to human. Initially, there was wild speculation about what might be the cause of AIDs, but in 1982, the centre for disease control had convincing epidermological evidence that AIDS was caused by a new infectious agents.
Dulbecco et-al (1983, located small quantities of the new virus named Lymphademopalty virus (LAN) but enough to be used an antigenina blood test which showed that AIDS patients were infected with the virus. WHO, (19097), responded that the number of patients living with AIDS has escaculated, a figure of 9000 was confirmed by may 1997. In African AIDs was first responded in 1982. In Nigerian it was first responded in 1986, among commercial sex workers in Lagos and calabar. In 2003 the seroprevalence has been on the increase, despite the comprehensive and successful prevention effort in many part of the would, 4. 1 million new HIV infection was expected to have occurs In 2003 alone, which could have been contributed by an estimated 9,020 to 10,000 infection per day.
Currently, the health problem in Nigerian considering reports from various hospitals particularly, the tertiary hospitals, place AIDS infections in Nigerian at a very serious state. the potential and propensity for widespread is enormous and the debilitating and negative effect n the economy, the population category affected the working class and the dependents which constitute the penultimate individuals to the working class. HIV infections in this direction and orientation should be healed as a national emergency in Nigeria.
Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Gallo’s laboratory begin recovering a virus from AIDS patient, and reported the finding in the science journal. A number of these vinal isolated was introduced together into continuous cell cultures to see if a strain of the virus could replicate in the cells one did replicates and Gallo’s named the virus HILV. III because of the resemblance to two human T-lymphotropic viruses. (Neser, 2001).
By 2004, it was shown that many esymtomatic people was infected with virus and could transmits it and that the epidemic was far more extensive than previously suspected. Blood test was generally available for routine testing to donate blood. Thus markedly improving the safety of blood transfusion and products prepared from pooled blood (peiperls, 1995)
1.1 Hypothesis
H.O: There is significant difference in the result of Westernblots (WB), Enzymes Linked Immuno (Elisa) and Radiommuneoassay kit among HIV carriers.
HI: There is no significant difference in the result of Enzymes linked – immurosorbentassay (Elise), Western blots (WB), and Radommunoasay kit (RIA) among HIV carriers.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To evalulate the current techniques used in the diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
To help recommend the best and most reliable one essaying HIV
1.3 Statement of problems
The major problem with HIV/AIDs in developing would has been the failure to set realistic priorities with respect to both research and control.
As clinical diagnosis fail to effectively by emphasis on the virus attack is they are increasing case on HIV infection. Some specific techniques are use for the diagnosis of the HIV infection.
1.4 Limitation of the study
this work is carried out in university of Nigeria Teaching hospital Enugu (UNTH). There is lack of finance in the completion of the project work, lack of the project work, lack of the availability of time also reduce the period of time used.
Diagnosing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection involves several steps, typically starting with initial screening tests and followed by confirmatory tests if the screening results are positive. It’s important to note that HIV is a serious medical condition, and anyone who suspects they may have been exposed to the virus or is at risk should seek testing and medical advice promptly.
Here are the main steps in diagnosing HIV:
HIV Screening Tests:
Antibody Tests: These are the most common initial tests. They detect the presence of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to HIV infection. The two primary types of antibody tests are:
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): This blood test is commonly used as the initial screening test for HIV. It is highly sensitive but may produce false-positive results, so a positive ELISA result needs to be confirmed with further testing.
Rapid Antibody Test: Similar to ELISA but provides results much more quickly, often within 20-30 minutes. It is useful for on-the-spot testing, such as in clinics or outreach programs.
RNA Tests:
Nucleic Acid Tests (NAT): These tests detect the genetic material (RNA) of the HIV virus itself. They are highly accurate and can detect HIV infection earlier than antibody tests. NAT is often used for confirming HIV infection and monitoring viral load in individuals with HIV.
Confirmatory Tests:
Western Blot: If an initial antibody test (like ELISA) is positive, a Western blot is typically performed to confirm the results. It detects specific HIV antibodies and is highly specific.
CD4 Count and Viral Load:
CD4 Count: This test measures the number of CD4 T-cells in the blood. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that the HIV virus targets. Monitoring CD4 count helps assess the health of the immune system.
Viral Load Test: This measures the amount of HIV RNA in the blood. It provides information about how active the virus is in the body and is used to monitor the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Additional Tests:
Depending on the stage of HIV infection and individual circumstances, healthcare providers may order additional tests, such as drug resistance testing or tests for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Clinical Assessment:
A healthcare provider will assess a patient’s medical history, perform a physical examination, and inquire about risk factors for HIV.
It’s important to note that HIV testing is confidential, and the results are protected by privacy laws in many countries. It’s essential to follow up with a healthcare provider for appropriate counseling, treatment, and support if an HIV diagnosis is confirmed.
Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV with antiretroviral therapy (ART) can significantly improve a person’s health outcomes and reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others. Regular medical monitoring is essential for managing HIV effectively.