Formulation And Production Of Levera Soap

Abstract

The production of the soap was carried out using all the necessary equipments like the reactor, mould, stirrer, hygrometer guage etc. and all the required reagents for soap production in correct proportion.
In the production, palm kernel oil (P.K.O) was used instead of tallow or grease. This was because soap produced from grease or tallow tends to dissolve slowly at room temperature, whereas, soap of palm kernel oil product gives a quicker lather which is relatively suitable.
Different formulation were developed, but the most appropriate was the ratio 2:1 of P.K.O to caustic soda solution. This ratio gave a very quality soap. The other formulation are 3:1 and 1:1 of good quality and physically, they were observed to be brittle.
The test and analysis carried out on the P.K.O and the soap produced proved that the saponification value of the P.K.O was 248.24; refractive index was 1.451, free fatty value of 1.58; acid value of 4.43; moisture content of 26.78%; free alkali of 0.214%, alcohol insoluble matter of 1.43% and PH value of 9.98 at a temperature reading 2980c. The soap was moderately soft and very soluble in water.
The quality of soap produced conformed to all the requirements for toilet soap from Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). It was found out that the soap has no inferiors effect on the skin; does not contain any visible foreign matter which means that the soap was properly mixed, does not encourage microbial growth and lathers effectively.
It was also found that the cost of producing the herbal/medicated or antiseptic soap was N63.00k compared to that sold in the market for N100.00k per tablet. Thus, the production based on the research work was profitable and more economical.

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION
Soap is defined as the sodium salt of fatty acid. It is a saponification products of fat and oil.
The washing industry, usually known as the soap industry, has root over 2000 years in the past, a soap factory being found in the Pompeii excavation. However, among the many chemical process industries, none has experience such a fundamental change in chemical raw materials as have the washing industries. It has been generally accepted that the per capital use of toilet soap is a reliable guide to the standard of living for any country.
Moreover, the process of soap making has progressed from batch-wise saponification process to continous saponification process, which was first installed in 1937 by procter and gamble.
In otherwords, soap is the earliest detergent known to man and apparently was first made by the Roman from animal’s fats and wood ashes (which contains the alkali potassium carbonate) about 2500 years ago. In colonial America and until the 1940s, most soap was manufactured by an alkaline hydrolysis reaction called saponification.

1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK
This project is concerned with the production of a high quality soap from local raw materials such as palm kernel oil, hence emphasis shall be placed on soaps rather than on soapless detergents.
The making of soap is one of the oldest of chemical synthesis/whom the German tribeman of Caeser time boiled goat tallow with potash leached from the ashes of wood fire’s they were carrying out the some chemical reactions as the one carried out on a tremendous scale by modern soap manufacturers, hydrolysis of glycerine which yields salt of the carboxylic acids and glycerol.
Soap may vary in composition and method of processing: if made from olive oil, it is enstile soap; alcohol can be added to make it transparent; our can be beaten in to make it float; perfumes, dyes, germicides can be added; if a potassium salt (instead of a sodium salt) is used; it is a soft soap. Chemically however, soap remains pretty much the same and does its job the same way.
The overall objective of this research project is geared towards producing soap of very good quality from palm kernel oil at a very economic way.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
Soap can be produced with a wide range variety of raw material. It basic composition is a product of an alkali, or a mixture of alkalis an oil or its blend. However, from literature survey, it was found that various types of oils differed, consequently their soap product differed.
In this research work, high quality industrial soap can be produced using palm kernel oil. The work involves working out the soap formulae and using the formulations to produce soap. The soaps so produced will then be tested analytically to determine their various physical and chemical properties. Finally, recommendations will be made.

Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.0 INTRODUCTION:

This chapter provides the background and context of the research problems, reviews the existing literature on the Formulation And Production Of Levera Soap, and acknowledges the contributions of scholars who have previously conducted similar research [REV62853] …

Document Information

    • Pages: 92 Pages
    • Chapters: 1 – 8 Chapters
    • Words: 12,200 Words
    • Format: DOC/PDF
    • Time: Instant Download
    • Title: Formulation And Production Of Levera Soap:

YOU MAY LOVE THESE (Recommended)

  • To start a project on Use Of Local Pigments And Extenders For Formulation And Production Of Emulsion Paint, follow these guidelines: The major aim of this project research work is to produce emulsion paint from locally sourced pigment & extenders. The materials used for the production was of local source. The major raw materials used for the production of the emulsion paint: water, titanium iv oxide, calcium carbonate, kao…

    94 Pages 1 - 6 Chapters 11,492 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN62935

  • Techniques for writing the “Use Of Cowpea For Shito Production” Project

    To develop a project on Use Of Cowpea For Shito Production, follow these approaches: This research work examined the use of cowpea for shito production, to determine the cost of the shito, to access the sensory attribute in terms of the taste, aroma and colour, to determine the overall acceptability of cowpea shito, to bring varieties of shito into the market, to determine the pr…

    59 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 8,100 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN63932

  • To undertake a project on Use Of Coconut Fibre As Standard pH Enhancer For Drilling Mud Formulation, follow these effective ways: In the present day oil and gas industry, the chemicals used as pH controller are usually imported at an exorbitant price – which take a large part of the drilling cost and have ripple effect on the economy of the Nation. It is however necessary to source for an alternative by the use of local mat…

    46 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 9,120 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN87626

  • To write a project on Urbanization A Problem To Food Production And Agricultural Development, follow these structure: In this research on Urbanization – A problem to Food Production and Agricultural development in Enugu State, effort were made to address issues that are related to the problems, cause, effects, challenges, practice and solutions to the future management as it Concerns man and his environment and …

    70 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 9,299 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN62710

  • To carry out a project on Effects Of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash As Suplementary Cementitious Material In Production Of Concrete, follow these effective methods: Sugarcane Bagasse is the fibrous residue leftover when sugarcane is squeezed for its juice. Bagasse ash is obtained by subjecting Bagasse to calcinations using furnace. This work is aimed tat using Bagasse Ash as a replacement in the production of concrete. The bagassewas collected from dumped in…

    62 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 10,307 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN64120

  • How to write the “Role Of Purchasing In Production” Project

    1.0 INTRODUCTION The fundamental goal of every business organization is profitability and survivability business environment is very dynastic and unpredictable hence the business manager tries to adopt and adjust to their changes so as to provide insulation against some unforeseen situation product modification is the future of any business and without a continuous of new product such state may die prematurely. According to Oxford adva […]

    50 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 6,009 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN62876

  • 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL OVER VIEW In recent years materials functions has experienced total information by business management. It is the least of the responsibilities and authorities for making major contributions to projects and it has yielded positive result in the business world. In most business operations today, the cost of materials has an important role in fixing the price of the finished product This is because when mater […]

    102 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 9,007 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN62869

  • To start a project on Role Of Agriculture Extension In Increasing Food Production As A Strategy In Reducing Poverty, follow these guidelines: The majority of agricultural producers in Nigeria still use the traditional approach in crop production with technological change very slow and minimal. In view of this, Agricultural Extension Services have been adopted by the government as a major agricultural transformation strategy. Neverthele…

    81 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 20,305 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN66724

  • Techniques for writing the “Production Of Yam Flour” Project

    To develop a project on Production Of Yam Flour, follow these approaches: The project dealt on the production of yam flour from yam chips. The yams were peeled and washed, 100grams samples coded sample A to G were subjected to two different drying conditions. Some were dried using the sun drying method while the others were dried through oven drying method kept at cons…

    60 Pages 1 - 5 Chapters 17,080 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN62913

  • Writing strategies for the “Production Of Starch From Cassava” Project

    To undertake a project on Production Of Starch From Cassava, follow these effective ways: The fresh cassava were sources from Idodo in Nkanu Local Government of Enugu state. The weight of the cassava tuber were taken to be 31.50kg. After peeling and washing, it was divided into two equal parts which was 21.13kg for production of sample A and sample B respectively (edible and textile s…

    55 Pages 1 - 6 Chapters 5,756 Words DOC/PDF Format Instant Download UPN62892

Live Chat