Power Failure And Its Effects On Appliances

ABSTRACT

Electric power supply is the most important commodity for national development. With electrical energy the people are empowered to work from the domestic level and the cottage industries, through the small-scale and medium industries to employment in the large-scale manufacturing complexes. In these days, depriving people of electric power is tantamount to castration. Power failure is a period of time when the electricity supply to a particular building or area is interrupted, for example because of damage to the cables or any other reason. Modern equipment requires a continuous supply of electricity. Not only industry, but also in the household. Take the case of a refrigerator. If you experience a power off situation, your food will be spoilt. This work in particular discuses power failure and its effect on appliances.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
• TYPES OF POWER FAILURE

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       REVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.2      ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
2.3      HISTORY OF POWER FAILURE AND SYSTEM RELIABILITY

2.4    TYPES OF POWER FAILURE

2.5    POWER FAILURE INEVITABILITY AND ELECTRIC  SUSTAINABILITY

2.5   PROTECTING THE POWER SYSTEM FROM FAILURE

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       METHODOLOGY

3.1     CAUSES OF POWER FAILURES

3.2 HOW TO PROTECT HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES FROM ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCES

3.3      EFFECT OF SUDDEN POWER OUTAGE ON ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

3.4     CONSEQUENCES OF A POWER FAILURE

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1    RESTORING POWER AFTER A WIDE-AREA OUTAGE

4.2    MITIGATION OF POWER OUTAGE FREQUENCY

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1      CONCLUSION

5.2      SUMMARY

5.2      RECOMMENDATION

5.3      REFERENCES

CHAPTERONE

1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION

In modern society, it is impossible to imagine life without electricity. Modern equipment requires a continuous supply of electricity. Power outage is the state of complete absence of electricity at the consumer’s end (CEIDS, 2001). This phenomenon comes in different forms – planned, unplanned, unanticipated faults and burnouts. Generally, power outages are as a result of gross shortage of energy. Energy poverty implies the lack of or limited access to energy resources like electricity, gas, fuel, kerosene and diesel. It describes a situation whereby supply of energy services and goods fall below demand or expectations.

Energy poverty is a perennial problem among most developing countries including Nigeria. Statistics shows that 1.4 billion people, about one quarter of the world population have no access to electricity and that a further 1 billion lack reliable access. Interestingly, 80% of these are in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (IEA, 2002; IEA, 2011). Record has it also that four out of five people without electricity live in rural areas of the developing countries. Only 5% of sub-Saharan rural populace, for instance, has access to electricity (Davidson and Mwakasonda, n.d.). Many people in the world today rely on traditional bio-mass wood, agricultural residues and dung for cooking and heating owing to shortage of modern fuels.

Electricity provides lighting in households and powers appliances thus extending the day and  providing additional hours for reading and work. The presence of electricity has huge impacts on education as well. The usage of electricity for heating and cooking saves women and children many hours of work. Most households in developing countries rely heavily on wood fuel which negatively impacts their health and social– economic status (Cerny, 2013). In developing countries also, women spend much time to gather wood or other biomass for cooking or heating due to the absence of modern energy including electricity. In India, two to seven hours each day are spent in the collection of fuel for cooking. This reduces the time which ought to have been devoted to other productive activities, such as farming and education. Electricity is essential to the healthcare sector because all modern health appliances are fully dependent upon it [IEA (2002), World Bank (2008)].

Energy crisis is undeniably a major impediment to growth and development in most areas of the world because many countries seeking to develop and become industrialized must first address their energy challenges so as to have readily available adequate and affordable energy goods and services. Electricity is key to socio- economic and technological development as recognized by the Millennium Development Goals and the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Electricity makes life worthwhile in a modern society such that the increased consumption of energy, particularly commercial energy like electricity now symbolise high economic status of a country (Aladejare, 2014)

.PROBLEM STATEMENT

Nigeria is suffering from the worst energy crisis in its history, resulting in its rural communities being subjected to massive power outages, daily. Energy promotes economic well-being and makes social life worthwhile such that youths are less disposed to violent crimes. This study investigated the consequences of power outages on the social-economic life of rural households in Nigeria. The study focused on the relationship between power outage and its impact on electric appliances. It was found that stunted economic growth, reduced leisure time as well as heightened criminality and insecurity are some of the major results of rampant power outages among rural households in the Nigeria. It is concluded that power outages have severe negative impact on appliances. This study was carried out to study power failure and its impact on appliances.

1.3                                          OBJECTIVE/AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to discuses on power failure in Nigeria and its effect on our appliances. The objectives are:

1. To determine whether power outages constitute a major challenge in the well-being of rural households in Nigeria.
2. To ascertain whether power outages constitute a major challenge in appliances
3. To study causes power failure, and
4. how to prevent power failure from damaging our appliances.

1.3                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As a student of electrical engineering, this seminar has exposed my knowledge about power failure, its causes, the effects on our appliances and how to prevent  it from damaging our appliances.

1.4                                            APPLICATION OF THE STUDY

Everyone experiences power failure and we all bear the negative effect on our appliances. This work is written to be applied in everyone daily life.

1.5                                              TYPES OF POWER FAILURE

Power outages are categorized into three different phenomena, relating to the duration and effect of the outage:

• A transient fault is a momentary (a few seconds) loss of power typically caused by a temporary fault on a power line. Power is automatically restored once the fault is cleared.
• A brownout or sag is a drop in voltage in an electrical power supply. The term brownout comes from the dimming experienced by lighting when the voltage sags. Brownouts can cause poor performance of equipment or even incorrect operation.
• A blackout refers to the total loss of power to an area and is the most severe form of power outage that can occur. Blackouts which result from or result in power stations tripping are particularly difficult to recover from quickly. Outages may last from a few minutes to a few weeks depending on the nature of the blackout and the configuration of the electrical network.