Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent
The production of high-quality bar soap and its comparison with detergent involves a comprehensive examination of their distinct formulations, applications, and environmental impacts. Bar soap, crafted through a meticulous combination of fats or oils, alkali, and water, embodies a traditional yet effective cleansing agent. Its emollient properties contribute to skincare, making it particularly advantageous for individuals with sensitive skin. In contrast, detergents, primarily synthetic compounds, exhibit robust cleansing capabilities and are adept at removing grease and stains. However, the production of detergents often involves harsh chemicals, raising environmental concerns. While both products share the common goal of effective cleaning, the choice between bar soap and detergent hinges on individual preferences, skin sensitivities, and ecological considerations, highlighting the need for consumers to make informed decisions based on their specific requirements.
The sole aim of this research work is to produce a high quality of bar soaps and compare with detergent. The major aspects of this projects deals with quality control processes in the production of a high quality bar soaps.
In soap production, cold process was used and this was found out to be the most effective means of production considering several factors. In the production of bar soaps, palm kernel oil was used instead of fallow or grease. This is because palm kernel has a low titre value and gives a quicker lather and the fallow or grease gives a high titre value which produce soap that is slow to dissolve at low temperature. Different formulation were made and it was found out that the best ratio for a high quality soap is 2:1 of palm kernel to caustic soda respectively. Carrying out test on soap produced were saponification value of P.K.O to be 248.24 refractive index 1.45, free fatty acid value of 1.56, acid value of 3.5, moisture content of soap 35.29%, percentage free alkaline 0.4% alcohol insoluble matter of 1.43% and PH value of 8.80 at a temperature reading of 30.00.
The synthetic detergent which was developed to replace the soapy detergent has a better quality. It was prepared by a sulphonation reaction when this reaction is carried out, a detergent paste is formed which when builders and other additives were added, it then form detergent which was size reduced and seized.
The sieved detergent was dried by solar energy. From the project, it was discovered that (STPP) helps the detergent to reduce water hardness sequestering calcium ion and heavy metal ion water, could increase the cleaning action of detergent. And also the hydrogen peroxide acts as stain removal due to its bleaching action, the CMC acts as anti-redeposition agent.
The high quality bar soap was found to contain certain materials which limit the formation of scum in hard water and this ascertained that the synthetic detergent is not more effective than bar soap when washing and moreover bar soap does not change the colour of a material when washing but detergent does by bleaching the colour.
TITLE PAGE
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
APROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATION
CHAPTER FIVE
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANLYSIS
CHAPTER SIX
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX.
INTRODUCTION
Soap is a class of products that serves for leaning of human property and surrounding. Hence foam in its various foams is in high demand in all society. It is a cleansing agent described chemically as an alkaline metal salt of a long carbon- chain monocarboxylic acid, represented for example by sodium myristate (NaCooC13H27) is shown below:
H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
The hydrocarbon portion is hydrophobic and carboxylate portion is hydrophic.
For detergency process, the most useful hydrophobic portion contains 12 – 18 carbon atoms. Sodium soaps are not useful for soil removal with hydrocarbon chains of less than 12 carbons. When the chain length exceeds 18 carbons, they become insoluble in water.
Soaps and detergent belong to the general class of substances known as surface agents or surfactants. These are substances which when dissolved in a solvent even at very low concentration have the property of lowering the surface energy and hence altering the surface behaviour of the solvent to an extreme degree.
In general, the surface active agents are composed of fairly large molecules which contain separated groups of dissimilar nature, one group being of a hydrophilic or water – attracting, character while the other group has a hydrophobic or oil attracting character and also it exhibited in aqueous or non aqueous system.
In this work, high quality industrial soap can be produced using sodium hydroxide and palm kernel oil. Ordinary soap today is simply a mixture of sodium salts of long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids are the basic raw materials for soap and most of the inorganic materials for soap and most of the inorganic material such as Oleum, caustic soda and various sodium phosphate and a large number of additives, the last mentioned amount is 4% or less of the total products weight are purchased.
The overall objective of this research project is geared towards the production of high quality bar soap compare with detergent.
Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent:
Producing high-quality bar soap and comparing it with detergent involves understanding the ingredients, manufacturing processes, benefits, and drawbacks of each product. Below, I’ll outline the steps to produce high-quality bar soap and then compare it with detergent:
Production of High-Quality Bar Soap:
Ingredients:
Oils and Fats: Common options include olive oil, coconut oil, palm oil, and shea butter.
Lye (Sodium Hydroxide): A key ingredient that undergoes a chemical reaction with oils to create soap.
Water: Used to dissolve and activate the lye.
Fragrance: Optional, for a pleasant scent.
Colorant: Optional, for aesthetics.
Additives: For specific properties (e.g., oatmeal for exfoliation, aloe vera for skin soothing).
Manufacturing Process:
Safety First: Wear protective gear (goggles, gloves) when handling lye.
Prepare Ingredients: Measure the oils, lye, and water accurately.
Mixing: Gradually add lye to water while stirring. Allow it to cool.
Combine Oils: Melt and mix the oils together.
Blend: Slowly pour the lye solution into the oils while stirring continuously.
Saponification: This is the chemical reaction where oils and lye combine to form soap. It takes time and heat.
Add Fragrance and Colorant: Once saponification is complete, add fragrance and colorant.
Molding: Pour the mixture into molds.
Curing: Allow the soap to cure for several weeks, which improves quality and hardness.
Cut and Package: After curing, cut the soap into bars and package for sale.
Comparison with Detergent:
Ingredients:
Soap: Made from natural oils and lye, often biodegradable and eco-friendly.
Detergent: Contains synthetic surfactants and chemicals, which can be harsher on the environment.
Cleaning Ability:
Soap: Effective at removing dirt and oils from surfaces and skin.
Detergent: Often more effective at removing tough stains and grease.
Environmental Impact:
Soap: Generally more eco-friendly as it breaks down naturally and has fewer harmful chemicals.
Detergent: May contain phosphates and other pollutants harmful to aquatic life.
Skin-Friendly:
Soap: Gentle on the skin and suitable for sensitive skin.
Detergent: Harsher and can lead to skin irritation.
Usage:
Soap: Used for personal hygiene, handwashing, and household cleaning (e.g., dish soap).
Detergent: Primarily used for laundry and dishwashing machines.
Biodegradability:
Soap: Biodegrades easily and is less harmful to aquatic ecosystems.
Detergent: May contain non-biodegradable compounds.
Cost:
Soap: Generally cheaper to produce.
Detergent: May be more cost-effective for certain applications due to its cleaning power.
In summary, both bar soap and detergent have their advantages and disadvantages. Bar soap is a more natural and skin-friendly option, while detergent is often more effective for heavy-duty cleaning tasks. The choice between them depends on the specific application and individual preferences, including environmental concerns.