Smart Energy System Planning And Operation

ABSTRACT

A Smart grid refers to an electricity transmission and distribution system that incorporates elements of traditional and cutting-edge power engineering, information technology, and communications, which can provide better grid performance and to support a wide array of additional custom services to consumers. A smart grid would facilitate the full use of sustainable energy technologies like solar power, wind power and fuel cells with the help of distributed energy storage systems (ESS).

To understand the behavior of a smart grid, the author develops models suitable for overall analysis and design. The final goal is to lay the groundwork which would allow efficient management of the smart grid by solving all kinds of optimization problems, i.e., minimizing the operating costs, enhancing efficiency and reducing emission level while meeting the load demand. Smart energy system planning and operation is a core part for a smart grid system, which can make this system more intelligent. The optimal placement of the capacitors with the renewable energy is also discussed in this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

2.1.1Solar Energy

2.1.2Wind Energy

2.1.3Fuel Cells

2.1.4Energy Storage Systems

2.2            SMART GRID OPTIMIZATION

2.3            BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

2.4            REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM MODELING

• INTRODUCTION
• TRADITIONAL GENERATORS
• MICROTURBINES AND FUEL CELLS
• WIND POWER
• SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER
• ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

CHAPTER FOUR

REACTIVE POWER PLANNING OF POWER SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY

• INTRODUCTION

4.2     PROBLEM FORMULATION

4.2.1 Cost of Capacitors

4.2.2 Cost of Renewable Energy

4.2.3Cost Minimization

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                          INTRODUCTION

1.1                                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A Smart grid refers to an electricity transmission and distribution system that incorporates elements of traditional and cutting-edge power engineering, information technology, and communications, which can provide better grid performance and to support a wide array of additional custom services to consumers [1]. A smart grid would facilitate the full use of sustainable energy technologies like solar power, wind power and fuel cells with the help of distributed energy storage systems (ESS).

A smart grid would be self-healing and more secure from physical accidents. The electricity transmission and distribution system is a critical element of the infrastructure. Surging demand for high quality, and digital-grade electricity put a lot of stress on the electrical infrastructure. In the U.S., EPRI estimates that power outages and power quality disturbances cost businesses at least $50 billion per year [1]. There is a paramount need to upgrade the grid. The new technology in the areas of transmission monitoring systems, information systems, and power flow controls would enable the grid to be self-healing by permitting grid controllers to anticipate and instantly respond to system problems in order to avoid or mitigate power outages, power quality problems, and system contingencies. This would benefit high-tech consumers and others who require a stable and reliable power supply.

A smart grid would facilitate the use of  new  energy technologies  like  solar  power, wind power and fuel cells. Distributed energy resources, fuel cells, microturbines, and renewable generation, are new choices for homes, offices and factories. However, the grid does not accommodate them easily and the price for the distributed resources is much higher presently for certain technologies. Enabling such use of distributed generation and how to improve the reliability and power quality of the intermittent renewable energy will be the major issues that need to be resolved.

A smart grid would give consumers greater control of their electricity  use  in  their homes and businesses by rearranging their home work schedule following the real time electricity price. Effective interfaces between the grid and the energy management systems of buildings and other loads will also enable residential, commercial, and industrial consumers to manage electricity use in a manner that improves efficiency and reduces consumer costs. A smart grid would increase efficiency and reduce energy costs with the use of the intelligent energy management system. It can reschedule power transmission through the power grid and by optimizing power flows will reduce waste and maximize the use of the lowest-cost generation resources.

1.2                                                        PROBLEM STATEMENT

The restructuring of the electricity supply industry all over the world has gradually introduced a competitive electricity market where generators sell their electricity and consumers buy their electricity. However active participation from demand side remains low.   The electric power grid is  demoded,  fragile,  and inefficient.   A serious accident of a power system could cripple business districts for days or weeks, which will cause huge economic loss [1]. Reinforcing the grid with advanced computer controls would allow power to be distributed more efficiently, safely, and robustly and would help to distribute renewable energy.

With the rising standard of living, developing countries like Nigeria will push up the demand for energy of the world. A higher standard of living, especially a higher level of education is the main driver which will set new demands on the production of electricity. Since the OPEC embargo of 1973, the problem of oil dependence has been the most important energy challenge [2]. Furthermore, oil is priced worldwide, no matter where the oil comes from. Oil is like any other commodity – the last unit sold determines its price. Hence, the price of oil will be more expensive as the supply decreases. The only answer is to reduce demand and expand energy supply away from oil.

The potential benefits of a smarter power delivery system are substantial. An upgraded grid could boost the economy, reduce the impact of energy production and consumption on the environment, and enhance the security of the network – that is, when it is been integrated with renewable energy like solar and wind sources. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the U.S. suggests that transformation of the power grid over the next 20 years could result in a substantial increase in productivity and a reduction in carbon emission [1].

1.3                                           AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to discuss how power grid system can be made intelligent by interfacing renewable sources and fuel cell thereby providing a sustainable energy to the nation. The objectives of the study are:

1. To lay the groundwork which would allow efficient management of the smart grid by solving all kinds of optimization problems, e., minimizing the operating costs, enhancing efficiency and reducing emission level while meeting the load demand.
2. To have a sustainable power supply

• To enhance supply reliability.

1.4                                                  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

By optimizing the use of sustainable and varied energy sources as part of the smart grid [3], the smart grid may be able to make a significant contribution towards a reliable power supply system. For instance, in a sunny day, the photovoltaic (PV) array may provide more power. In a windy day the wind turbine will generate more power. If the day is neither sunny nor windy or if more power is needed, the fuel cell, micro-turbine or main conventional supply can be used.  The key is to orchestrate the power sources in an optimal manner. The inclusion of batteries in a smart grid system allows excess power produced to be stored, or alternatively, the excess power could be put into good use in the smart grid [4]. In this way it is expected that the smart grid could reduce pollution and deliver reliable energy in a variety of weather and load situations.

1.5                                             SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study covers the management and operation of our grid system that would facilitate the full use of sustainable energy technologies like solar power, wind power and fuel cells with the help of distributed energy storage systems (ESS).

CHAPTER FIVE

     5.0                                 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  5.1          Conclusion

In this work, the importance, aims and outcomes of this research are highlighted and summarized. The research is discussed in terms of what it aims for and how it could contribute to the needs of the power industry. It also explores, how the research of smart grids could be extended and improved and how this might be done.

By making optimal use of the sustainable and varied energy sources as part of the smart grid, the smart grid may be able to make a significant contribution to the distributed power generation. The key is how to coordinate the power sources in an optimal manner. The inclusion of batteries in a smart grid system allows excess power produced to be stored, or alternatively, the excess power could be put into use in the smart grid. In this way it is expected that the smart grid could reduce pollution and deliver reliable energy in a variety of weather and load situations.

5.2             Recommendation

The important aspect of the research work has been carried out in this study, I hereby recommend that further research and development will be carried out on the system, with the goal that MGs will be able to make a valid, greener contribution to the world’s growing energy needs.