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Mechanical and morphological properties of pure polypropylene (PP) polypropylene/calcium carbonate (PP/CaCO3) and polypropylene/cashew nutshell powder (PP/CNSP)are reported in this work. The composites were prepared by compression moulding technique. The compressed moulded articles that is the PP, (PP/CaCO3) and (PP/CNSP) of different compositions (10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20) were characterised for mechanical properties, water absorption capacity, structural characterisation and morphological arrangements.
Comparative studies was made on the mechanical properties of the pure polypropylene (PP), polypropylene/calcium carbonate (PP/CaCO3) and polypropylene/cashew nutshell powder (PP/CNSP). Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Young‟s modulus and percentage elongation at break, Hardness behaviour and Impact resistance of both PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP composites increased with increment of filler weight content (10-50g). It was noted that the specimen samples of ratio50/40 PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP had the highest tensile strength, when compared with other sample.
These specimens could bear loads of 1075N and 468N with extensions of 4.44mm and 6.12mm respectively. Decrease in the mechanical properties were noted on continuous addition of both fillers, with drastic reduction of the mechanical properties at (70g and 80g) fillers weight except hardness that slightly increased at all the filler loading (10-80g).
The surface sorption characteristics of calcium carbonate and cashew nutshell powder have been investigated and the highest percentage was recorded at 20/80 of PP/CNSP (100%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that, both 60/40 PP/CaCO3, PP/CNSP and 50/50 PP/CaCO3, PP/CNSP are completely compatible at which there are no phases that are grossly separated. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that, the incorporation of the two fillers into the neat polypropylene decreased the crystallinity of the polypropylene and the crystallinity decreases with increasing filler‟s loading.
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Particle reinforced plastics composites (PRPCs) are composites to which fillers (discrete particles) have been added to modify or improve the properties of the matrix and/or replace some of the matrix volume with a less expensive material. Common applications of PRPCs include structural materials in construction, packaging, automobile tires, medicine, etc. Determination of effective properties of composites is an essential problem in many engineering applications (Van, 2003 and Love, 2004).
These properties are influenced by the size, shape, properties and spatial distributions of the reinforcement (Liu, 1995 and Lee, 1998).
Modification of organic polymers through incorporation of additives yield, with few exceptions, multiphase systems containing the additive embedded in a continuous polymeric matrix. The resulting mixtures are characterised by unique microstructures that are responsible for their properties. Polymer composites are mixtures of polymers with inorganic or organic additives having certain geometries. Thus, they consist of two or more components and two or more phases. In addition to polymer composites, other important types of modified polymer systems include polymer-polymer blends and polymeric forms. Blending procedures had been employed since time immemorial. The principle of blending is geared towards achieving property averaging. A blend is therefore the physical mixture of two or more substances, without a chemical bond, (Mamza, 2011).
Among the various studies carried out with particle filled PP worth mentioning, are works by Maiti and Mahapatro (1992 and 2011) on the tensile and impact behaviour of nickel powder-filled PP and CaCO3 filled PP composites. It was discovered that the addition of nickel-powder causes decrease in tensile modulus, tensile strength and elongation-at-break with increasing filler. In the case of the addition of CaCO3, tensile modulus increased while tensile strength and elongation-at-break decreased with increasing filler. Izod impact strength for the composites at first application of filler loading increased up to a critical filler content, beyond which the value decreased inappreciably.
1.2 Research Problem
The filler cashew nutshell powder (CNSP) has been under utilised, in composite formulation, as it is considered as waste material especially in the Northern part of Nigeria. Thus, there is need to convert this waste to wealth meanwhile this conversion would serve as an environmental waste control.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The main aim of this work was to determine the impact resistance of cashew nutshell powder and calcium carbonate used as fillers for polypropylene.
The specific objectives of the study are;
Collection of samples from the outlet centre and preparation of samples.
Determination and characterisation of cashew nutshell powder using X-ray diffraction analysis.
To carryout mechanical tests such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, impact resistance and to carry out sorption test on the produced samples,
Determination of microstructure of the processed samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
1.4 Justification
Cashew nut shell powder as one of the fillers used in this research can reduce the cost of production of articles compared to the commercially available fillers. It can create job opportunity locally, by paying people supplying it for the researchers. The use of cashew nutshell powder as filler can help to reduce environmental pollution caused by the shell, this is because, it is biodegradable and it can decay and becomes a pollutant to the society.
1.5 Scope of the study
To prepare and characterise CNSP filler
To fill cashew nutshell powder in polypropylene
To fill calcium carbonate in polypropylelene
To carry out mechanical tests on the prepared composite, such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, sorption test, and impact resistance
To compare the impact resistance of cashew nutshell powder and calcium carbonate filled polypropylene.
Chapter Six
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
6.1 Summary of Results
Results of the various tests performed were analysed, values obtained were evaluated and averages were calculated, mechanical properties were improved for the polypropylene composites compared to the neat polypropylene as the two fillers were incorporated in to the polypropylene matrix with optimum mechanical properties such as tensile strength, % elongation at break, hardness behaviour and impact strength at 50/50 for both PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP composites compared to samples of other ratios.
It was also noted, that the polypropylene composites samples have good % sorption except 20/80 PP/CNSP which had a poor % sorption. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that, the incorporation of the two fillers in to the neat polypropylene decreased the crystallinity of the polypropylene and the crystallinity decreases with increasing filler loading.
6.3 Conclusion
The present study has generally investigated the effect of the filler content in the polypropylene on the mechanical properties of PP, PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP and the results were as following:
The mechanical properties of PP/CaCO3 gave the highest values compared to PP/CNSP and PP composites.
The mechanical properties such as (tensile strength, % elongation, young modulus, impact resistance, hardness) of both PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP composites increased with increment of filler weight content (10-50 g) and decreased on continuous addition of both of the fillers, with drastic reduction of the mechanical properties at (70 g and 80 g) fillers weight except hardness that slightly decreased at all the filler loading (10-80 g). It has been noted that (50/50) of PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP appeared to withstand high loads as they were compared to other samples of other ratios.
Both 60/40 PP/CaCO3 PP/CNSP and 50/50 PPCaCO3, PP/CNSP are completely compatible at which there are no phases that are grossly separated.
The impact resistance of the cashew nutshell powder was ascertained by subjecting the impact test results to statistical analysis.
It has also been noted that the %Sorption of the composites samples were comparable at (10-50 g) filler loads, with (60-70 g) filler loads of 50% and (80 g) filler loads having 100% water absorption in case of cashew nutshell powder filler.
Null hypothesis was also verified with tcal =2.680 and tabulated t value at 98% confidence level for eight degrees of freedom = 2.90
The results of the study also showed that both the addition of CaCO3 filler and the cashew nutshell powder filler have resulted in the linear improvement in the mechanical properties of the Polypropylene. The tensile strength, Young‟s modulus and elongation at break of PP were all increased with the incorporation of both the Calcium Carbonate filler and Cashew Nutshell Powder at different content of 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g and 50 g further increase of the two fillers loading in the polypropylene slightly decreased the above listed mechanical properties and sharp declined of the properties at 70 g and 80 g of fillers content.
6.3 Recommendations
Further work is recommended in the following areas:
There is need to conduct research on these new fillers at different particle sizes in order to evaluate their abrasion resistance
Heat stabilizers should be impregnated in to the polypropylene processing samples to avoid depression of its mechanical properties at elevated temperature.
Analysis should be carried out on the polypropylene composite at different temperatures in order to analyse their creep property
Flexural analysis should also be carried out on the polypropylene composites
Research should be performed with polypropylene blends as the polymer matrix and polypropylene composite to compare results.
Thermal characterisation using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the different samples may aid in analyzing the interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix at high temperature.
Further research should also be performed on the polypropylene and polypropylene composites with the incorporation of biologically active agent in order to compare their susceptibility to microbial attack.
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“Studies On The Impact Resistance Of Cashew Nutshell Powder And Calcium Carbonate Filled Polypropylene.” UniProjects, Accessed September 21, 2024. https://uniprojects.net/project-materials/studies-on-the-impact-resistance-of-cashew-nutshell-powder-and-calcium-carbonate-filled-polypropylene/
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