Synthesis And Antimicrobial Properties Of Palladium Chloride Complexes Of Rutin

ABSTRACT

Pd(II) complexes of rutin were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. The complexes are formulated as four coordinate square planar species containing two molecules of the drugs and two chloride or thiocyanate ions. The coordination of the metal ions to the nitrogen atom of the drugs was confirmed by spectroscopic analyses. The complexes were screened for their antibacterial activities against eight bacterial isolates. They showed varied activities with the active metal complexes showing more enhanced inhibition. The Pd(II) complexes of rutin showed unique inhibitory activities against P. aeruginosa and B. pumilus, and none of the other complexes or the drugs showed any activity against these bacteria isolates. The MIC and MBC determinations revealed that these Pd(II) complexes are the most active.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• AIM OF THE STUDY
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF RUTIN
• PALLADIUM – PD
• APPLICATIONS OF PALLADIUM
• PALLADIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• USES OF PALLADIUM DICHLORIDE
• PRODUCTION METHODS OF PALLADIUM DICHLORIDE
• HEALTH EFFECTS OF PALLADIUM
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PALLADIUM DICHLORIDE

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1      MATERIALS AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1      RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                          INTRODUCTION

1.1                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The discovery of potent group of rutin with pronounced antagonistic effect on folic acid in cultures of Lactobacilli [E. A. Falco, 1951] led to the development of palladium chloride. Rutin was developed through brilliant feet of organic synthesis guided by biochemical considerations [B. Roth, 2014]. Additional modifications led to the synthesis of palladium chloride that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase like other diaminopyrimidines and its consequence selection as antibacterial agent [G. H. Hitchings and S. L. Smith, 2013]. Palladium chloride is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and also exhibits antiparasitic activities [E. A. Falco, 2015]. Due to intensive use and misuse, resistance has emerged against palladium chloride.

Development of antimicrobial drugs was hailed as one of the great medical success story of the twentieth century. At present, resistance against antimicrobial agents have become public health problem worldwide. In the search for novel drugs against drug resistant diseases, the use of metal complexes has received tremendous attention and resulted in a variety of exciting and invaluable drugs such as cis-platin. Research are being undertaken in fields such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, magnetic resonance imaging, metal-mediated antibiotics, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and radiosensitizers. In continuation of our efforts  to develop metal-based therapeutics agents, the synthesis and antibacterial studies of palladium chloride are presented.

1.2                                       AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to study and analyzed the synthesis and antimicrobial properties of palladium chloride complexes of rutin.

1.3                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be useful to chemical producers, and as well as all the users of chemicals including microbiology student in that it will help them to understand that microorganism can be seen in any environment even in our chemicals.

1.4                             LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There are many or different type of microorganism that is associated with palladium chloride, focus is made only on fungi and bacterial because they are the major organisms associated with our environment.

1.5                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are all around us even in organic or inorganic chemicals. This study allows students to collect samples from the palladium chloride and grow the microorganisms so that students can visualize the microorganisms.

1.6                                              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.7                                               STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the related works,  chapter three method and materials used, chapter four discusses result, chapter five is on summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation.