Tide News Paper Port- Harcourt

1.1 Background to the Study
Journalism can be defined as the work or activity of writing, managing or producing newspapers or journals containing news and information for public consumption one who regularly contribute to the periodical press whether as his chief means of livelihood or part the occupation is a journalist
The world of the mass media embrace more than the press or newspapers and journals well as those works who engage in news gathering presentation or preparation for the electronic media ie radio and television
Thus the principal duties of a journalist include, to inform, educate, entertain and also spotlighting social ills in our social. Hence, journalistic practice embraces much more than these in practical terms.
Apparently, journalism is only one part of the broadcasting media, the journalistic also include public Reelections and advertising whichever area you may wish to specialized will involved journalistic skill of communicating effectively in writing to a mass audience consequently, a sound public relation pardoner should know all what it takes to writing for the press
The press is a general term for both the print and electronic media is the foremost function of the print media is to offer to its teeming readers and listeners current news of event that happen at home and abroad .
Thanks to modern inventions of telegraphs and wire communications of which enable us receive fresh and up- to- date report of recent happenings even in distance a mere news sheet as it is described in the time past. But recent time of technological advancement and democracy’s it has metamorphosis newspapers, provide not critical, but also comments, analyses and critical discussions which could be social, economic and political
On the other hand, journalism offer a forum for other areas of public interest for people in various spheres life that suffer neglect. Such people can conveniently air grievances with the help of the press Some new papers deal exclusively on special subject area like religious , sports , arts , entertainment, science and technology.
Beside the powerfulness of the press, a strange psychology works behind the news papers. The ordinary man is always curious for news and views about his own environment which however makes him rely solely on the press. The news expressed through editorial comments are usually accepted by vast millions of readers. Here lies the power of the journalistic Government on their own too also perceived the efficacy of the noble journalistic practice as very helpful in measuring the wishes and aspiration of the people. A moral and honest journalist does a great deal of good by guarding public opinion on the right part or direction. On the alternative if the journalist represent truth as his basis principle and indulge in factual, reports, then he does a great harm to public morals.
The journalist noses for where the most interesting and important events has taken place so that he/ known she can publish it. Sometimes the leading journalist may become well known, thereby becoming important personalities themselves. Not every journalist can reach the top of the noble career but those that has the opportunity of presenting exciting, educative, factual and entertaining stories. It is sometimes asked whether the journalists are born or made. This may apply to the poet or the artist and not the journalist. The are made with the help of specialized training coupled with a sound academic knowledge. Broadcast journalism requires the casting of music and speeches and news in all directions from a transmitting station by the process of a wireless telephone. There are no wire but sounds passes by “either” into our ears through a receiving transmitter called the radio set consequentially broadcasting until recently was virtually westernized. These western cultures were transmitted to us through movies, documentaries, dramas, and music. CNN and sky television report more news, commentaries
And analyses using the audio- visual advantages of television, and little do we know that we are fed with carefully edited pictures to convince us that seeing is believing.
The beginning of radio broadcasting in 1920’s and up to now , the power of broadcasting as an instrument to its people and government and to the rest of the world has been recognized. The first use of radio broadcasting made in Britain was the foreign broadcasting operated by the British foreign office just after the world war of 1914-1918. By the 1903s, Germany under Adolphus Hitler has perfected radio broadcasting as a tool for propaganda. The Nazis were aden_t believer in the power of broadcasting as an instrument of their propaganda . Gobbles, Hitler’s chief propaganda said “ really broadcasting is true broadcasting”. The Nazis made the use of radio broadcasting to reach the Germans and this is what Hale ( 1975: 55) call “ Frank emotional appeals to German feelings ‘ However, as the Germans were using radio effectively , the British also started using it as a veritable instrument of propaganda against Hitler shortly before the beginning of the second world war , 193 0 – 1945 .
Desire all these achievements, journalism has been described as the most hazardous profession, because of its watch dogrole. Journalism demands courage and selfless service.
Government promulgated laws and decrees to free themselves against the journalist power of the pen, microphone and camera. The law of sedition, obscenity and copy – right is to protect the law and society. No profession suffer more economic losses and personal molestation or intimidation than the journalist. The journalist is always the first to be attacked by anyone who suppresses the civic rights of any society. He receive more attention from the law enforcement and security agencies than a fierce robbery syndicate Nwuneli ( 1976-19770 , said “ That the African politicians failed to include a clause that specifically guarantee freedom of the mass media in their constitution for fear of providing constitutional legitimacy to criticism by the opposition” .
Consequently, a journalist (Amakiri , 1975) was excessively intimidated and man handled. Both Nigeria and Zaria have had a second time of re- writing their constitution. Unfortunately, both countries did not include the freedom of the mass media clause into their constitutions. The new sub – section in the Nigerian constitution just approved by the constitution assembly reads. “ Every person shall be entitled to freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference. Every person shall be entitled to own , establish and operate any medium for the dissemination of information , ideas and opinion ”. (Nigeria Draft constitution 1978) Broadcast journalism has so far been described as the wonder of modern communication science.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The journalists in the tide newspaper suffer similar constraints like. Their counterparts in both print and electronic media in the cause of performing their noble journalistic practice. The journalistic career generally all over the world is quite a difficult one. The journalists in the Tide Newspaper operation virtually within a world of light atmospheres. This study therefore, is sought to find out the constraint which journalists encounter in the cause of their duties.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The basic objective of the research study is to scientifically axcertain and identifies the constraints of journalistic practice. However, this would go a long way in educating and enlightening both the urban and the rural Nigerian dweller.
The objective the this research is also, to ascertain the significance of journalistic practice on both the rural and urban areas in bid, to knowing their constitutional rights and duties, how to channel their demands and grievances, conscious and current about their immediate environment and properly directing their claims.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research question for this study include
(1) Are the reasons given by the respective journalists such as lack of press freedom intimidation, imprisonment, assassination responsible for journalistic constraints.
(2) Why inspite of the significance of journalistic practice, government still maltreat journalists.
(3) How true is the journalism function side by side with, the executive ,legislature and judiciary

1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
One of the significance here is scientific study that the cause analyzed the are the cog in the wheel of effective journalistic practice. The authorities concerned would certainly improve on these causes that hinders journalistic practice.
The findings of this study will absolutely enhance the journalists. Again the study will also improve the live of both the urban rural Nigerians by objectively reporting and analyzing issues of human angle.
Finally, it is hoped that the study will serve as a source of reference and inspiration for future research and will also add to the existing knowledge in the word of journalism and communication.

1.5 DELIMITATIONS
This study only concentrated on finding the constraints on the journalistic practice which madenutally affects journalistic practice to a large extent. Only journalist the tide newspaper were used to narrow own the scope of work.. The tide newspaper is the only state print media. Therefore ,for accurate findings for this study, only journalist in this news papering were carefully used.
Again, it is inevitable that journalists and their journalistic practice greatly enhance the Scio-economic and political development in Nigeria and the large society .The qualities of journalists who participated in this process matters a lot. The researcher chased practicing journalists alone. Thus the journalist by so doing get more contact it his profession and other reality of human life. Also the journalist will with the help of this study become more professionalized, articulate and more versatile in his profession.
However, the limitation are application to all serving and practicing journalists in their journalistic career. Also, the finding from this brilliant scientific study can equally be generalized too journalist in other developing countries

1.6. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms in the study are conceptualized as follows:
Journalism – The profession of writing for newspapers, magazines and electronic media.
Journalism – A person whose profession is journalism.
Journalistic practice – Thus refers to the work of writing, editing or publishing newspapers that contain news:
Press -The press consists of printed materials, the newspaper and the electronic media.
Newspaper – A set of large folded sheets of paper containing news, artless e.t.c.
Media – This refers to the medium of information dissemination by radio, television and newspapers.
Communication – Refers to the act of communication information, feelings opinions to people.
Broadcasting – To disseminate information by sound and pictures through the electronic media i.e radio Television mass media-This refers to newspapers, television and radio that inform several people or a lot of people at a time of what is happening in a society.
Correspondent – Is a journalist or a reporter posted to a beast to report events that information to either the radio, television, newpapers.e.tc.
Magazine – This is a newspapers that writes its report in a detailed form.
Editor- in- chief – This is somebody who edits a newspaper before publication.
Journal – is a newspaper or magazine.