Design And Construction Of A Distance Meter Using Ultrasonic Sensor And 8051 Microcontroller

ABSTRACT

The project is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales. This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.

This proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to a microcontroller of 8051 family. An ultrasonic transducer comprising of a transmitter and receiver are used for the project. The transmitted waves are reflected back from the object and received by the transducer again. The total time taken from sending the waves to receiving it is calculated by taking into consideration the velocity of sound. Then the distance is calculated by a program running on the microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen interfaced to the microcontroller. The ultrasonic sensor produces 40 kHz sound waves.

Further the project can be enhanced by using high frequency transducers to make it fit for medical applications like ultrasound machine.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     REVIEW OF SENSOR CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROPERTY

2.2     REVIEW OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR

2.3      REVIEW OF ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR WORKINGS

2.4     USES ULTRASONIC SENSORS

2.5     APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONIC SENSORS

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2      SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3      PROGRAMMING EXPLANATION

3.4      COMPONENTS REQUIRED

3.5      CIRCUIT DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM

3.6      SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE

3.7      ALGORITHM FOR PROGRAM

3.8      DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS/BLOCK USED

3.9      PRECAUTION ON THE USE OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.0      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.1      CASING AND PACKAGING

4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.4      COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1      CONCLUSION

5.2      REFERENCES

 CHAPTER ONE

1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION

Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length, or estimation based on other criteria (e.g. “two counties over”). In most cases, “distance from A to B” is interchangeable with “distance from B to A”. In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance. A metric is a function that behaves according to a specific set of rules, and is a way of describing what it means for elements of some space to be “close to” or “far away from” each other.

The distance meter, which is the focus of this study, is used for accurately determining the distance of an object without contact using ultrasonic sensor. The distance meter is frequently used in the industrial sector and especially with professions relating to construction, such as architecture, surveying, carpentry, masonry, locksmiths.

Distance meter is a popular application for ultrasonic technology. This device measures geometric distances, heights, lengths, levels and positions in a non-contact process. To achieve this, all the components work together in a perfectly coordinated overall system. This system is made up of a ultrasonic sensor, the transmitter and receiver optics and sophisticated electronics and algorithms for time or phase measurement.

1.2                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

Ultrasonic Sensor or Module is used in this work for distance measurement. This article explains you how to measure the distance using 8051 microcontroller. This system measures the distance up to 4 meters with an accuracy of 3 mm.

1.3                                         APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• Used to measure the obstacle distance.
• This system used in automotive parking sensors and obstacle warning systems.
• Used in terrain monitoring robots.

1.4                                          LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• This system is not able to measure longer distances.

1.5                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Generally, the distance can be measured using pulse echo and phase measurement method. Here, the distance can be measured using pulse echo method. The ultrasonic module transmits a signal to the object, then receives echo signal from the object and produces output signal whose time period is proportional to the distance of the object.

The major components in this project are 8051 (AT89C51) Microcontroller, Ultrasonic Sensor and LCD Display. The TRIGGER and ECHO pins of the Ultrasonic Sensor are connected to the P3.1 and P3.2 pins respectively.  LCD data pins are connected to the PORT1 of the microcontroller and controller pins RS, RW and EN are connected to the P3.6, GND and P3.7 respectively. Here, the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is used to display distance of the object.

1.6                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to measure distance using ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic distance meter is used for accurately determining the distance of an object or span without contact. This ultrasonic distance meter is attractive due to its ease of use and its high level of accuracy in the results recorded.

1.7                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective application and scope of this study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.