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Comparative Analysis Of Antimicrobial Strength Of Three Most Common Antibiotics

(Case Study Of Antibiotics Drugs Brought In Obiagu, Enugu)

5 Chapters
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48 Pages
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6,640 Words

The efficacy of antibiotics in combating microbial infections is a fundamental aspect of modern medicine, pivotal in treating a myriad of bacterial diseases. The antimicrobial strength of antibiotics varies widely based on several factors, including the specific antibiotic class, the type of bacteria targeted, and the susceptibility of the bacterial strain. Certain antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporins disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis, while others such as fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge to the effectiveness of these medications, underscoring the importance of judicious antibiotic use and the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Understanding the diverse mechanisms of action and spectrum of activity among antibiotics is essential in tailoring treatment regimens to combat microbial infections effectively.

ABSTRACT

In comparing the antimicrobial strength of three most common antibiotics, which includes: streptomycin chloranphenicol and gentarccin.
Samples of urine and high vaginal swab (H.V.S) were collected from park lane Enugu. The organisms isolated were pure culture of staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Sensitivity test was carried out with the use of sensitivity disk containing various minimum inhibitory concentration of the different antibiotics.
The result obtained shaved that gentamicn was more effective followed by chloramphenicol while some organisms shaved resistant to streptomycin.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of tables
List of figures
Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Historical background
1.2 Aims and objective
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Statement of problem
1.5 Scope of study
1.6 Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
3.1 Procurement of antibiotics
3.1.1 streptomycin
2.1.2 Chloramphenicol
2.1.3 Gentamicin
2.2 Antimicrobial activity in vitro
2.3 Antimicrobial activity in vivo
2.4 Resistance to antimicrobial drugs
2.5 Factors affecting antimicrobial activity
2.6 Clinical use of antibiotics
2.7 Characteristic of antibiotics

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and method
3.1 Sample collection
3.1.1 Media composition
3.1.2 Direction for the preparation of nutrient agar
3.1.3 Direction for the preparation of blood agar
3.1.4 Material used for the prewritten of media

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Isolation and identification procedures
4.1.1 Isolation and identification of staphylococcus aureus
4.1.2 Isolation and identification of escherichia coli
4.2 Sensitivity test

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORICAL BACK GROUND
Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical are put into the body, they stop the growth of kinds of germs. They help the body to fight diseases. More than 3,000 years ago ancient people stumbled over the discovery that some moulds could be used as a cure. The egyptians, the chinese, and indians of central American would use mold to treat rashes and infected would. At that time they didn’t understand either diseases or treatment. As time went on, people began to gain some insight of disease. In the 1860 Louis Pasteur Shaw that many disease were caused it bacteria. Later he discovered that we may be able to fight germ and other microbes. It was two German doctors, who were first to make an effective medication form microbes. Kudo if and Emmerich and Oscar has conducted their experiment in the 1890. They proved that germ that would for another. All the men did was to take the germ from infected bandages and grow then in a test tube. They would then isolate a particular germ that caused green in factions in open would. This germs was bacteria called Bacillus pyoicyaneus. They put then into another test tube containing other type of bacteria, it was then it happened that the bacillus pyocyaneus wiped out the other disease germ. The germs that was killed were those that caused cholera, typhoid, diphtheria and anthrau. From this the two men created a medication that they called pyoanase, it was the first antibiotics used in hospitals.
In 1928 Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, discovered penicillin, the first antibiotics. He was keeping in a petn dish when a speck of mold fell in, it cause the mold to grow on the nutrient agar used to feed the bacteria. Surpassingly, it stopped the growth of the bacteria. Fleming through the mold called penicillin notatum produced a substance that killed the bacteria and so called it penicillin. However, he was not able to entrant it from broth in which he grew the mold.
In 1945, Waksman used the word antibiotics for the first time and proposed that it can be defined as a chemical substance of microbial origin that possesses antibiotic powers. He discovered a drug called streptomycin. It onginated frommicrobes found in soil and was a cure for many intestinal diseases. Now antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin was discovered. Each was effective against certain disease, but scientist wanted more. Doctors however, anted broad spectrum drug. That is a single antibiotics that could cure many disease
The search proved successful one laboratory discovered Aureonycin, which is a drug that does the job of penicillin and streptomycin. Another laboratory discovered chloromycin.
In 1949, yet another laboratory came with one of the effective antibiotics ever found, terranycin. This drug could be used against many bacteria disease (Katzung, 1994).

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
1. To identify causative organism that are delectious to mans health.
2. To determine the potency of the different antibiotics.
3. To know the type of organism sensitive to the different antibiotics.

1.3 HYPOTHESIS
H0- Streptomycin is more effective
H1 – Streptonyin is not effective
H2 – Chloramphenicol is not effective
H3- Chloramphenicol is not effective
H4- Gentamicin is more effective
H5 –Gentanicin is not effective
H6 – Comparing the strength of the three antibiotics.

1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Due to the problem encountered in Enugu Urban (obiagu), most people abuse antibiotics owing to the general belief that antibiotics can be used in the treatment of all kinds of diseases. This can result to drug resist. Accumulation of these drugs can lead to internal denage. Hence this study which compares the antimicrobial strength of three antibiotics.

1.5 SCOOP OF STUDY
This work will be limited to the maximum inhibitory concentration and know the organism sensitive to the different antibiotics under certain temperature.

1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Limited time in making research for the project work.
2) Inharailability of equipment and reagents in the course of carrying out the work.

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The antimicrobial strength of antibiotics can vary depending on several factors, including the type of antibiotic, the specific microorganism it is targeting, and the dosage prescribed. Here are three of the most common antibiotics and their general antimicrobial strengths:

Penicillin:
Antimicrobial Spectrum: Penicillin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species.
Strength: Penicillin is considered a relatively mild antibiotic compared to some others. Its effectiveness can vary depending on the specific type (e.g., penicillin G, amoxicillin) and the strain of bacteria it is targeting. Some bacteria have developed resistance to penicillin.

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro):
Antimicrobial Spectrum: Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is often used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and some types of bacterial gastroenteritis.
Strength: Ciprofloxacin is considered a strong antibiotic, especially against gram-negative bacteria. However, it is essential to use it judiciously to prevent antibiotic resistance from developing.

Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (Augmentin):
Antimicrobial Spectrum: Amoxicillin-clavulanate is a combination antibiotic that includes amoxicillin (a penicillin derivative) and clavulanate (a beta-lactamase inhibitor). It is effective against a broader range of bacteria than amoxicillin alone and is often used for various types of infections, including respiratory and skin infections.
Strength: Amoxicillin-clavulanate is considered a strong antibiotic, particularly against a broader range of bacteria due to the addition of clavulanate. However, it is important to use this antibiotic with caution to prevent the development of resistance.

It’s crucial to note that the effectiveness of antibiotics can diminish over time due to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when prescribed by a healthcare professional and taken exactly as directed. Additionally, the choice of antibiotic depends on the type of infection and the susceptibility of the bacteria to the drug, which may require laboratory testing to determine. Always consult with a healthcare provider for specific recommendations regarding antibiotic use.