Design And Construction Of A 1KVA Power Inverter With 24V Battery

ABSTRACT

This project is titled the design and construction of a DC to AC inverter system. It is designed to meet up with the power demand in the offices and in homes in the absence of power supply from the national grid (PHCN). In order words the device / item serves as a substitute for national grid which almost monopolises the power supply to people.

It is designed in such a way that it will take up 24v DC from battery (12V/100AH *2) and inverts it to an output of 230v, 50Hz AC. It makes no noise during operation and no hazardous carbon monoxide is generated in the surrounding.   

This is a feature that makes it safe to use any where when compared to generator. Also, the circuit is capable of charging the battery (i.e 24v source) when the power from the supply authority is on. This greatly reduces the cost of operation of the system.

This work is aimed at designing a 1kva modified sine wave inverter that can be used to power appliances both in homes and industries which is powered with 24v supply.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECTR

1.2      PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3      OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.4      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.5    APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.6      SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.7      ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

1.8      LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.9      PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.10   METHODOLOGY

1.11   PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      REVIEW OF HISTORY OF AN INVERTER

2.2   REVIEW OF HOW TO CHOOSING THE RIGHT INVERTER

2.3      REVIEW OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINE WAVE AND MODIFIED SINE WAVE   INVERTER.

2.4      REVIEW OF INVERTER CAPACITY

2.5      SAFETY OF INVERTER

2.6      INVERTER RATING

2.7      WHY CHOOSE A MODIFIED SINE WAVE INVERTER?

2.8      TYPES OF INVERTER

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     METHODOLOGY

3.1      BASIC DESIGNS OF AN INVERTER

3.2      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.3      SYSTEM OPERATION

3.4      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.5      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.6     DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

3.7      HOW TO CHOOSE A RIGHT INVERTER AND BATTERY

3.8      HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST INVERTER BATTERY

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.0      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.1      CASING AND PACKAGING

4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.4      COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSION

5.1      RECOMMENDATION

5.2      REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

A power inverter converts DC power (also known as direct current), to standard AC power (alternating current). Inverters are used to operate electrical equipment from the power produced by a car or boat battery or renewable energy sources, like solar panels or wind turbines. DC power is what batteries store, while AC power is what most electrical appliances need to run so an inverter is necessary to convert the power into a usable form. For example, when a cell phone is plugged into a car cigarette lighter to recharge, it supplies DC power; this must be converted to the required AC power by a power inverter to charge the phone.

In modified sine wave, The waveform in commercially available modified-sine-wave inverters is a square wave with a pause before the polarity transition, which only needs to cycle through a three-position switch that outputs forward, off, and reverse output at the pre-determined frequency. The peak voltage to RMS voltage does not maintain the same relationship as for a sine wave. The DC bus voltage may be actively regulated or the “on” and “off” times can be modified to maintain the same RMS value output up to the DC bus voltage to compensate for DC bus voltage variation.

The ratio of on to off time can be adjusted to vary the RMS voltage while maintaining a constant frequency with a technique called PWM. Harmonic spectrum in the output depends on the width of the pulses and the modulation frequency. When operating induction motors, voltage harmonics is not of great concern, however harmonic distortion in the current waveform introduces additional heating, and can produce pulsating torques.

1.2                                               PROBLEM STATEMENT

Faced with the problem of abysmal power supply from supply authorities, noise pollution, air pollution, cost of the popular alternative: generator sets, there is a need for a less noisy, pollution free and cheap solution to power problems in the houses of individuals and families in Nigeria. An inverter was invented to solve this problem.

1.3                          OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to build a power inverter which can be powered from the source of 24V/100Ah battery to produce an output of 230vac. At the end of this work the following objectives shall be achieved:

1. To modify sine wave that can be used to power appliances both in house and industries.
2. To safely operate any devices (such as micro wave, drills, clock, speed motor) that require sensitive calibration.

iii.           To back-up the erratic power supply by PHCN.

1. To ensure the protection of the back-up source consumer equipment and supply.
2. To be able to connect two 24v/100Ah battery in series in order to achieve 24v/100Ah.

1.4                                           PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to build an electronic power generating device that is independent on the mains supply that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

1.5                                       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

In the recent years,  power  inverter has become a major power source due to its environmental and economic benefits and proven reliability. Since the solar power system does not have moving parts, virtually it does not require any kind of maintenance once installed.

Power inverter is produced by connecting the device on the 24V/200Ah battery as the input to produce 230VAC as the required output. It can also be connected to solar panel.

Second, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Power inverter uses only the power of the battery as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.

it has the capability to improve the DC power into AC power making it useful to operate equipment such as household items, computers, power tools and much more by simply plugging typically equipment into the inverter.

It is also important because it can deliver efficient power to run an electrical product with high power requirement usually as electric utility heater, air conditioners with additional batteries connected because of it high current it will draw.

1.6                                              SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

A power inverter is a power conversion device. It converts fixed direct current (DC) voltage to frequency sinusoidal alternating current (AC) voltage output.

The input voltage (24vdc), output voltage (230vac) and frequency (50hz), and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by the DC source.

A typical power inverter device or circuit requires a relatively stable DC power source capable of supplying enough current for the intended power demands of the system. The input voltage depends on the design and purpose of the inverter.

The waveform of this work is modified sine wave. The modified sine wave output of such an inverter is the sum of two square waves one of which is phase shifted 90 degrees relative to the other. The result is three level waveform with equal intervals of zero volts; peak positive volts; zero volts; peak negative volts and then zero volts. This sequence is repeated. The resultant wave very roughly resembles the shape of a sine wave.

1.7                                       ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

Power inverters are used to power and control the speed, torque, acceleration, deceleration, and direction of the motor. The use of inverter has become prevalent in wide range of industrial applications; from motion control applications to ventilation systems, waste water processing facilities to machining areas, and many others. Though power inverters offer lower operating costs and higher efficiency, they are not without their problems.

1.8                                         LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Expensive when compared to traditional generators
• There are no large capacity inverter in the markets
• The inverter can power a few appliances for a short period
• The input is limited to 24VDC, output to 230VAC, the frequency to 50Hz and the battery current per hour to 200Ah
• The power rating of the work is 1kva

1.9                                       APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

The applications and uses of a power inverter which are as follows:

DC power source utilization

Inverter designed to provide 230 VAC from the 24 VDC source provided in an automobile. The unit shown provides more than 20 amperes of alternating current, and enough to power up 1KW load.

An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.

Uninterruptible power supplies

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.

Induction heating

Modified Sine wave Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to higher frequency for use in induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.

HVDC power transmission

With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC. The inverter must be synchronized with grid frequency and phase and minimize harmonic generation.

Variable-frequency drives

A variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases, the variable-frequency drive includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from main AC power. Since an inverter is the key component, variable-frequency drives are sometimes called inverter drives or just inverters.

VFDs that operate directly from an AC source without first converting it to DC are called cyclo-converters. They are now commonly used on large ships to drive the propulsion motors.

Electric vehicle drives

Adjustable speed motor control inverters are currently used to power the traction motors in some electric and diesel-electric rail vehicles as well as some battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric highway vehicles.

Air conditioning

An inverter air conditioner uses a variable-frequency drive to control the speed of the motor and thus the compressor.

Electroshock weapons

Electroshock weapons and tasters have a DC/AC inverter to generate several tens of thousands of V AC out of a small 24 V DC battery. First the 24VDC is converted to 400–2000V AC with a compact high frequency transformer, which is then rectified and temporarily stored in a high voltage capacitor until a pre-set threshold voltage is reached. When the threshold (set by way of an air gap or TRIAC) is reached, the capacitor dumps its entire load into a pulse transformer which then steps it up to its final output voltage of 20–60 kV.

1.10                                                     METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construction of the circuit was carried out.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.11                                                      PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuss the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.