Design And Construction Of A PIR Sensor Based Security System

ABSTRACT

This electronic security system can be used in banks and other high security areas. A normal electronic security system will have a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter sends out an IR laser and this will be received by the receiver. When an intruder walks past the device, the IR beam is cut and thus the alarm is activated. Instead of infrared or laser transmitters and receivers, PIR (Passive Infrared Radial) sensors are used in this circuit. The sensor is basically a pyroelectric device. When the device is exposed to infrared radiation, it generates an electric charge. The device is made of crystalline material. According to the change in the amount of infrared striking the element, there will be a change in the voltages generated, which is measured by an on-board amplifier.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF THE STUDY
• REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTRUDER SENSOR
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BURGLAR ALARM

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN

• SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
• DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM BLOCK
• SYSTEM CIRCUIT
• CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER FOUR

TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS

• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
• COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The need for having home protection has always been there. But in the recent times, considering a dramatic rise in petty crimes like robbery and theft, the need has been more strongly felt to have a fool proof protection of the belongings and the family members. Home security has come a long way in the last few decades. It was in the hands of a guard who manually provided surveillance during nights in the earlier days, but it was not fool proof as it was only normal for him to have momentary lapse of concentration [1][2].

The guard was also susceptible to sleep at times. It was then that home alarm system based upon electronic circuits were developed which proved to be highly reliable and were appreciated by the people as they were relieved from constant monitoring of their homes [1].

Passive infrared sensor based security system is one of the home security alarm which is also called motion detector: The most common single-technology motion detecting sensor uses passive infrared (PIR) energy to recognize the movement of object, such as a person walking near the door. It is most effective in detecting when the heat mass moves across its field of vision of the sensor[2].

This project proposes a system of that senses object across the transmitter and the receiver. This is achieved with help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. A live body generally is an opaque object when pass across the transmitter breaks the infrared radiation which triggers an alarm indicating the presence of someone in the door or the monitored environment [2].

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

The need for having a constant home protection has always been there. But in the recent times, considering a dramatic rise in petty crimes like robbery and theft, the need has been more strongly felt to have a fool proof protection of the belongings and the family members. Home security has come a long way in the last few decades. It was in the hands of a guard who manually provided surveillance during nights in the earlier days, but it was not fool proof as it was only normal for him to have momentary lapse of concentration. This device brought solution to this need. It ensures adequate protection against intruders [3].

1.3                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this work is to design a device that will trigger an alarm when an object pass across the transmitter and the receiver which breaks the infrared radiation which triggers an alarm indicating the presence of someone in the door or the monitored environment.

1.4                          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This device operates with the help of passive infrared sensor which is also called optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted before an entrance to a monitored place [4].

When these optic or motion sensors senses breaking of radiation, they trigger the alarm. Passive infrared sensor based security system has many useful purposes, which is why you can find them in many different types of locations. From supermarkets to airports and many types of large buildings, Passive infrared sensor based security system alerts security personnel even when they are asleep[4].

1.5                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This device not just used for home security. In industrial fields, they are used on assembly lines to keep track of the number of products and to shut down dangerous equipment if a person gets too close. Here are a few other ways this device is used [3][4][[5]:

1. To open and close automatic Doors
2. To turn on and off automatic water faucets and toilets

• To turn on lights when a person enters a room

1. To control ATM displays
2. At automatic ticket gates
3. For some parking meters

1.6                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Generally, in security systems, infrared or laser transmitters and receivers are used. But these methods are cost effective. This work explains about PIR based security system in which PIR. This saves the power consumption and is low cost. PIR sensor is the short form of Passive Infrared Sensor. The PIR sensors are more complicated than the other sensors as they consist of two slots. These slots are made of a special material which is sensitive to IR. The Fresnel lens is used to see that the two slots of the PIR can see out past some distance. When the sensor is inactive, then the two slots sense the same amount of IR. The ambient amount radiates from the outdoors, walls or room, etc.[5]

When a human body or any animal passes by, then it intercepts the first slot of the PIR sensor. This causes a positive differential change between the two bisects. When a human body leaves the sensing area, the sensor generates a negative differential change between the two bisects. The infrared sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal to improve humidity/temperature/noise/immunity. There is a window which is made of typically coated silicon material to protect the sensing element [5][6].

This work is based on PIR sensor with an IC that produces alarm. The PIR sensor detects the IR radiations emitted from the humans and it produces a digital output.

1.7                                 PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

This device sensor has some problem:

• It has a limited distance to detect the human/object
• It cannot detect the small objects such as insects.
• The reliability of a PIR sensor may also be affected by rapid environmental changes and direct sunlight. Also, things like a fireplace, and direct wind from an air conditioner or heater. This is because a PIR sensor actually detects changes in infrared energy – specifically, the “heat energy” emitted by normal human skin temperature.

1.8                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design of the system was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construction of the system circuit.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a Passive infrared sensor based security system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a passive infrared sensor based security system were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a Passive infrared sensor based security system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.