ABSTRACT

Generally, street lights are switched ON for whole night and during the day, they are switched off. But during the night time, street lights are not necessary if there is no traffic. Saving of this energy is very important factor these days as energy resources are getting reduced day by day. Alternatives for natural resources are very less and our next generations may face lot of problems because of lack of these natural resources. This circuit switches the street lights on detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• TYPES OF LAMPS USED FOR STREET LIGHTING
• METHODOLOGY
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDIES
• REVIEW OF HISTORY OF LIGHTING
• REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED STREET LIGHT
• REVIEW OF ADVANTAGES OF LED STREET LIGHTS
• DISADVANTAGES OF LED STREETLIGHTS

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN

• SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
• PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

• TEST AND RESULT
• TESTING
• RESULT
• COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours.

A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned ON or lit at a certain time every night.

Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation; we have explained a simple circuit. This device switches street lights on detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

Lack of natural light during nighttime in the urban environment was always a problem due to natural law – light in the day and darkness at night. From basic inconvenience that people cannot see where they are going to the greater chance of being attacked or mugged during the night. Street light came to bring solution to this problem, street light electrifies our environment for easy and clear access and also add beauty to it.

1.3                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this work is to construct a street light that switches ON when detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time. This work is built around Atmega8 microcontroller, LDR, PIR sensor and RTC.

Objectives:

• The main objective of this project is that to make a device which controls the ON and OFF process of street
• The another objective of this project is that to reduce the wastage of electricity on a large
• It will reduce the work of human being and help us to manage the

1.4                                                 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Major significance of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.

Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.

Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners.

This circuit uses LED Bulbs, so it is very low cost and it has more life span.

Maximum energy can be saved.

1.5                                                PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of having an automatic street lighting at roads is for lighting up your road automatically – for beautification, safety and security.

• By using this Automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.
• In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ noticeably which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual operation for switching the street light system.

1.6                               APPLICATION OF STREET LIGHTING

1. This circuit can be used in real time street lights and highways also.
2. This can be used for lights in parking areas of industries, hotels, restaurants, etc.

1.7                           TYPES OF LAMPS USED FOR STREET LIGHTING

• Ballast: Ballast is an auxiliary piece of equipment designed to start and properly control the flow of power to discharge light sources such as fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Some lamps require the ballast to have thermal protection.
• Fluorescent light: A tube coated with phosphor containing low pressure mercury vapor that produces white light.
• Halogen: Incandescent lamps containing halogen gases such as iodine or bromine, increasing the efficacy of the lamp versus a plain incandescent lamp.
• Neon: A low pressure gas contained within a glass tube; the color emitted depends on the gas.
• Light emitting diodes: Light emitting diodes (LED) are solid state devices that emit light by dint of the movement of electrons in a semiconductor
  LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where fluorescent lamps use compact 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.
• Compact fluorescent lamps: CFLs are designed to replace incandescent lamps in existing and new installations.

1.8                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. programming of microcontroller
2. Design and calculation for the changeover was carried out.
3. Studying of various component used in circuit.

• Construct a digital changeover circuit.
• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9                                                    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

It is a simple and powerful concept, which uses Atmega8 microcontroller, LDR, PIR sensor and RTC which controls ON and OFF the street light system automatically when it detects movement of vehicle.

1.10                                      PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this work. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this work were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of this work. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.