Design And Construction Of An Arduino Based Radar Monitoring System

ABSTRACT

This work is on an arduino based radar monitoring system. Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the characteristics of the detected objects such as: range, height, direction, or the speed of objects. This study is aimed at designing a radar system that uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect objects. The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance between the radar and any object-based non-contact technology. This system is controlled through Arduino. Arduino UNO board is sufficed to control ultrasonic sensor and also to interface the sensor and display device. Whereas, the movement of the sensor is controlled by using a small servo motor. This radar is controlled using the Arduino Uno board as a microcontroller. The signal received from the sensor is processed using “Processing Development Environment Software”. Ultra-sonic sensor is attached to the servo motor it rotates about 180 degree and gives visual representation on the software called processing IDE. Processing IDE gives graphical representation and it also provides angle or position of the object and distance of the object.

Keywords—Radar, Ultrasonic Sensor, Arduino Uno, Servo Motor

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.2      PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3      AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.4     SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.5    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.6    ADVANTAGE OF THE PROJECT

1.7    APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.2      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RADAR

2.3      FUNDAMENTALS OF RADAR REVIEWED

2.4      TYPES OF RADAR

2.5      RADAR RANGE EQUATION

2.6      REVIEW RELATED WORK

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     METHODOLOGY

3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2     CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3    HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.4     WORKING OF THE PROJECT

3.5     SYSTEM FLOW CHART

3.6     PROGRAM/SOURCE CODE

3.7     BILL OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.0      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND RESULT

4.1     CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

4.2      RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSION

5.1      RECOMMENDATION

5.2      REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                          INTRODUCTION

1.1                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

RADAR is a method of object detection using radio waves to determine objects’ size, height, direction or speed. Radar systems are available in various sizes with various performance requirements. Some radar systems are used in airport air traffic control, others are used in long distance surveillance systems and early warning systems. The heart of a missile guide system is a radar system. Small compact, individually maintainable radar systems and systems occupying many spacious rooms are available.

Several nations secretly developed the radar before and during the Second World War. United States Navy coined the term RADAR itself as an acronym of radio detection and a range of other developments in 1940. New uses of the radar include a wide range of air traffic control systems including, radar, astronomy, air defense systems, antimissile systems, marine maritime radars for the identification and repositioning of sites and other vessels, aircraft collision anti-collision systems, sea surveillance systems, outer space monitoring, and rendezvous systems. Digital signal processing is linked to high-tech radar systems.

The first radars were developed as early as the 1930s (Droitcour et al., 2014). Since then, radar systems have been widely used in military. Radar systems were only used in the military area due to their bulky sizes and high costs in the early days. Over recent decades, radar systems can be miniaturized and integrated onto a printed circuit board (PCB) until  invention of the advance of high frequency integrated circuits (IC) and monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) (Droitcour et al., 2014; Xiao et al., 2016). With the advanced IC and packaging technologies, it is even possible to integrate a radar system into a single chip with antenna-on-chip (AoC) or antenna-in-package (AiP) technologies (Zhang et al., 2019). The operation frequencies of radar systems are going up to higher frequency bands. K-band (24 GHz) and W-band (77 GHz) have already been adopted in automotive radar systems (Schneider, 2015). Despite issues such as high path loss, higher operation frequency and smaller wavelength not only improving the sensitivity and resolution of radar systems, but also making radar systems further compact, radars’ applications have been extended from military to commercial areas. Researchers have been working on radar applications in through-wall detecting (Ahmad et al., 2019), indoor localization, driver assistance, and bio-medical applications, etc (Vossiek et al., 2013).

1.2      PROBLEM STATEMENT

There are many different types of measurement and detection system in engineering field such as camera, satellite imagery, optical, etc. However the common challenges of these systems is that they are all affected by adverse conditions like rain, fog and dust and they also have limited distance of coverage. In other to overcome this problem radar detecting system was invented. Radar is capable of detecting motion, measuring speed, distance and the angle of arrival as well as the direction of movement. Radar works in adverse conditions like rain, fog and dust and is able to cover long range as well as close distance.

1.3      AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SYSYTEM

The main aim of this study is to build a radar system that uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect objects. The objectives of the study are:

1. To build a Arduino RADAR Model using Ultrasonic Sensor for Detection & Ranging
2. To detect objects in its defined range

• To study about navigation and obstacle detection innovations using ultrasonic sensors

1.4      SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this work covers building a radar System controlled via Arduino. This radar system was built around an ultra-sonic sensor and servo motor, which are the major components of the system. Basic working of the system is that it have to detect objects in its defined range. Ultra-sonic sensor is attached to the servo motor it rotates about 180 degree and gives visual representation on the software called processing IDE. Processing IDE gives graphical representation and it also gives angle or position of the object and distance of the object. This system is controlled through Arduino. Arduino UNO board is sufficed to control ultrasonic sensor and also to interface the sensor and display device.

1.5      ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

Advantages of the system are as follows:

1. Radar procurable value is very low
2. Working and maintenance value is

• Distance active resolution is high

1. Radar’s jam is troublesome
2. It can work in any place

1.6      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This study will serve as an avenue of learning how to interface arduino with ultrasonic sensor and radar sensor.

This study will serve as a new discovery to the student involved how on how range, height, direction, or the speed of objects can be measured.

To all readers, this study will create some level of familiarity to arduino, LCD and ultrasonic sensors.

1.7      APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

The radar system is used mostly for mapping and has several uses for protection purposes.

1. Application in Air Force

This is used for the identification of items that come in by aero planes or aircraft devices that have a radar device in it. It is often used for the height measurement calculation.

1. Application in Marine

Radar systems are also used in ships or in marine applications. The distance of other boats or ships is measured on big ships and can be minimized by not colliding with the aid of this sea accident. It can also be used at ports to see the distance from other vessels and track or monitor the movements of the vessels.

1. Application In Meterology

Radar systems are also used in wind tracking or monitoring. It has become a major climate monitoring equipment. For starters, storms are used to detect tornados