Design And Construction Of An Automatic Water Tap Controller

ABSTRACT

Water is an essential resource in the world and currently household drinking water is an important asset to save the life due to shortage of water in the earth. This paper describes the design and construction of an automatic control system for tap water using PIR sensor. This device controls water tap automatically, when you put your hands just below the water tap outlet. The infrared sensor detects the presence of the user hand then ON the water tap automatically and the water starts flowing out of the tap and as soon as the user’s hand is removed the water stops flowing without the intervention of the user. The aim of this work is to control water tap controller automatically.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM / OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF THE STUDY
• TAP WATER CONTROL APPARATUS
• AUTOMATIC FAUCET
• HAND FREE TAP
• INFRARED MOTION DETECTOR
• SERVO MOTOR SELECTION CRITERION FOR MECHATRONIC APPLICATION
• OVERVIEW AND TYPES OF TAP (VALVE)
• TAP MECHANISM

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
• SYSTEM OPERATION
• CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• SYSTEM CONTROL CIRCUIT
• PARTS LIST
• DESIGN NOTE

CHAPTER FOUR

TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS

• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
• COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, most people want a life that modern life requires that they are easy, fast and environmentally friendly. As we know the use of sinks at this time is still using the old system of using mechanical taps controlled by humans. As we can see today many public toilets using a box to put the liquid soap which they need a space to put the equipment. Users also often face the problem where it is easily damaged by the negligence of other users. Users of public toilets are usually provided with a tissue to dry her hands, but with rapidly developing technology and the desire to save the use of natural resources have changed the tissue with blower where they only use the hot wind pressure which is more environmentally friendly. However, we know the use of these devices usually require a space to stand [3].

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps, pipes and taps. Tap water (running water, city water, town water, municipal water, etc.) is water supplied to a tap (valve). Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets. Indoor tap water is distributed through “indoor plumbing”, which has existed since antiquity but was available to very few people [5].

Many times it happens in restaurants, malls, hotel, public boreholes and specifically at home while fetching water we forget to switch off the tap which leads to wastage of water. The circuit described here will automatically switch ON the tap water when you put your hand below the tap outlet and OFF the same after some time. This will lead to less wastage of water [5].

With automatic taps all of the electronics are housed within the body of the tap. The solenoid valve and power supply are connected to the tap using simple and secure IP65 rated cables and connectors.

When a user puts their hands under the tap, they are detected by an infrared sensor and the solenoid valve opens. The tap will run whilst there is motion in front of the sensor, allowing the user to wash their hands thoroughly without having to constantly re-activate the tap. Once the user removes their hands the electronics will automatically close the solenoid valve [7][8].

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

Usually, most of the water tap in the market usually use old system where it using manually control to turn on or turn off the system [1]. When the users using that system they must use their hand to open or close the water tap and the water tap valve easy to damage because when the users always turn strongly to open or close the tap and this also wastes time and involves much labour. This system is not efficient because water wastage easy to occur because at the time between to open the tap and wash their hand the water has already been wasted [1-3]. It same when we want to close it and if we forgot to close the water tap it will make waste become more critical [2-3]. As we can see usage of sink only focus on one usage it is all about water. Looking at the development of technology today usage of sink should not be focused on water use only because user needs something their use can give many benefit when they use it. Another disadvantages for the system is when users wash their hands, their hands not very clean because they still have a direct contact to the messy water tap where it expose to the bacteria [4].

1.3                                       AIM/ OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this work is to build electronic circuit which can control the water tap operation by sensing valid-movements of the user hand with the help of a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion sensing module.

The objectives of this project are:

1. To change manually system water tap become automatic system water tap.
2. To reduce wastage of water that always occurs at water taps.

• To reduce direct contact to the device for prevent from bacteria.

1.4                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to have automatic control for a water tap which can significantly reduce water waste and consumption to some extent. Besides, this device can eliminate cross-contamination by keeping hands and germs away from commonly-used surfaces.

1.5                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Hygiene

Automatic taps are the most hygienic option available for fetching water and hand washing. This is a very important aspect for everybody, but of increased importance where people are handling food, or where cross contamination needs to be avoided [2].

Reliability

Automatic taps have been extensively developed and tested to achieve the current high levels of reliability. Whilst the main consideration is hygiene to avoid cross contamination, automatic taps also make significant savings on water”.

Water Savings

Electronic taps use the “optimum” amount of water, on the spout to control the flow of water and the taps only run when the hands are placed under the spout, limiting the water use to the precise time required and preventing taps being left running [4].

1.6                                                 AREA OF APPLICATION

This device is applicable to anywhere water tap are used like:

1. Homes
2. Public borehole

• Hospital

1. Hotels
2. Offices and industries, etc.

1.7                                          LIMITATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. Price range is wide and, as always, you usually get what you pay for, but sensor taps probably imply more initial investment than traditional taps.
2. If there is a water cut, one cannot use the device. If there is a power cut, mains operated sensor taps will not work either.

• This device works with an infrared sensor. This widget may have problems with reflective surfaces and extremely bright colours. Installers must read carefully the mounting instructions that the manufacturer provides in order to avoid mirrors or polished chrome finishes opposite the tap sensor, as well as another built-in sensor right in front of it. Despite following the guidelines, beware that sensored taps can make activation mistakes from time to time for example when animal like cat climbs the water tap.

1. If the infrared sensor has been subject to vandalism and covered deliberately the tap will only run for approx 2 minutes before locking out until the sensors are cleared.

1.8                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The heart of the device is Passive Infrared sensor which controls the valve operation by sensing valid-movements. The motion sensor with control electronics circuitry is very simple and self-explanatory. Output of the PIR sensor module (SEN1) is here connected to a ‘traditional’ monostable multivibrator (MMV) wired around the ubiquitous timer chip NE555 (IC1) . Output of IC1 controls the solenoid valve through a 6V electromagnetic relay attached to J1.

1.9                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construction of the circuit was carried out.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.10                                      PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective, purpose, application, limitation and problem of this work was discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.