Design And Fabrication Of A Dust Extractor

5 Chapters
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40 Pages
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4,560 Words
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A dust extractor, also known as a dust collector or dust removal system, is a vital apparatus designed to efficiently remove particulate matter and debris from the air, thereby improving air quality and reducing the risk of respiratory issues and machinery malfunctions in various industrial and woodworking settings. This equipment utilizes a combination of mechanisms such as filtration, cyclonic action, and suction to capture dust particles suspended in the air generated during cutting, sanding, or other processes, preventing their dispersion into the environment. By employing high-powered fans and specialized filters, a dust extractor effectively traps particles of different sizes, from fine dust to larger chips, ensuring a cleaner and safer working environment while enhancing equipment longevity and performance.

ABSTRACT

Man’s imp act on global environment system especially in the area of dust extraction is now at a scale where it is disrupting. These dust extractors varies in major ways.
The environmental degration is, in turn contributing to health threat in this part of the globe. Unfortunately most factories, workshops which suppose to posses these machines for dust extractions a re not having them thereby making dust a very dangerous threat to man.
Due to this ugly development it, is obvious that these factories and workshops can do little or nothing to protect our environment from this poor state. It is therefore necessary that all and sundry should join the crusade of eradicating dust from our environment thereby making it clean. Although before now people have tried to contribute their own quota in seeing to the end of the menace, get lack of interest, finance has posed a hindrance to the realization of this achievement.
In view of the above, we deemed it necessary that such a machine should be constructed to the Mechanical Engineering workshop to eradicate dust and thereby make the workshop environment clean and fit for students practical activities.
The realization of this work started from our supervisor who conceived the idea which we saw as a need, then we defined the need and synthesized it, evaluate and came to a conclusion.
The synthesis led us to drawing board by sketching and drawing to scale after which the design required was chosen. Fabricated and parts put together to form what we called a dust extractor.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page
Approval page
Letter of transmittal
Signature page
Letter of release
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aims and objectives
1.2 Economic importance of a dust extractor
1.3 Uses of extractors (dust)
1.4 Design consideration

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Improvement in previous ones

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Design calculation
3.1 Material selection
3.2 Sequence of operation

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Cost analysis
4.1 Material cost
4.2 Labour cost
4.3 Cost of reporting
4.4 Market survey and value

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Performance evaluation
5.1 Recommendation and conclusion
References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Dust is a serious health hazard especially to the respiratory system. It can have a cumulative effect eventually resulting in permanent damage to the health.
Fine dust is the most dangerous and the most difficult to get rid off. The sharing and the large particles of dust are not much of a problem as most of it falls to the floor quickly and lungs have a built in mechanism which can eject relatively large particles.
The dust particles that causes damage are normally in the range of 0.2 to 5 micron in size (a micron is one thousand of a millimeter) and so small as t o be invisible to the naked eye. They can remain suspended in the air for hours. Even if one cannot see any dust, the atmosphere may still be harming ones lungs. One is likely to breath 8 to 10 cubic meters of air during and 8 hour working day most especially those working in the engineering workshops that has to do with metal drilling (drilling, shaping etc) drugs manufacturing industry, paint industry and food processing industry.
If the dust in the air average out of 5 mg per cubic meter during that period, then you will suck in 50gm (2 ounces0 of dust. Most of this w ill be dealt with by the body’s own dust defence mechanism the nasal hair and mucus lined walls of the air ways leading to the lungs will swallow most of it. Only a very tiny percentage of the dust is permanently trapped in the lungs but it is this which causes the damage.
Dust from some wood can cause skin complaints such as dermatitis.
Dust Extractors: With a small dust extractor couple with the respirator to give a primary protection. You must not need a huge powerful machine it w ill help to keep the workshop clean and you can use it with it’s flexible hose to cover up the sharing and remove dust which has settled on surfaces. Because you have a wood turning lathe you can quickly turn up a wooden adaptor to accept the hose form your domestic vacuum cleaner to give you a handy extension hose. If you have other wood working machines such as a table saw you can hookup the extractor to them when you need to use them.
EXTRACTING DUST: The fan sucks the air into an oil drum shaped container and then through an internal filter. These machines usually also make use of the cyclone effect to reduce the load on the filter. This type of machine is cheaper, takes less space, has superior filtration and has a stronger suction for hovering. The motor however is very noisy and the airflow is much less than the external bag machine.
The small filter clog quickly reducing he air flow dramatically. The wood turner really need is a machine which moves a larger volume of air at a lower speed breeze which wafts the fine suspended dust away from the lathe into an efficient filter.
Those extractors setups for paint spraying welding which consist of a large three sided box built around the work area. Built into the rear of the box in an array of huge powerful fans which sucks all fine dust and fumes through suitably design filters at the rear and recalculate the air. They work well because they move a very large volume of air.
Another dust extractor BB100, this is a low cost fine dust extractor (performance rating 3) for the hobby workshop. It is equipped with a 1000 watt vacuum cleaner motor which generates 195 cubic metres per hour of air flow and provides enough suction to cater for even the smallest of power tool inlets. The two stage filtration system consist of a pleated paper filter, rather like a car filter, surrounding the in let to the vacuum motor and a sub micron paper bag filter which totally encloses the pleated filter.
Largest sized waste, such as planer chippings, fall straight to the bottom of the drum whilst the smaller dust particles are captured by the paper filters. The paper filters can be easily replaced as necessary whilst the pleated filter can be a vacuum cleaned periodically. Typical uses for this extractor are small band saws, bench mounted sanding machines and portable power tools such as routers, planners and sanders. It also serves as a very effective vacuum cleaner for keeping the workshop clean and tidy.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
This project is aimed not only at providing a dust extraction machine in factories and workshops but:-
To provide a life equipment in the workshop which can be used for exhibition by students.
To provide a machine (dust extractor0 which could be further modified and improved on, for the extraction of dust from the atmosphere, which can favourably compete with the best in the market.
1.1 ECONOMICS IMPORTANCE OF A DUST EXTRACTOR
1. For extraction of dust fro the air
2. Locally made dust extractors can be sourced in the market
3. Effective dust extraction can only be achieved if handled by an experienced person
4. Durability if proper maintenance culture is adopted.

1.3 USES OF A DUST EXTRACTOR
1. Can be used in extracting dust from the workshops
2. Can be produced and soled to factories thereby serving as a source of income to the producer.
3. Reduces disease that could have been contacted from the air through dust.

1.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The design and selection of materials is governed by many factors, first, considering the physical characteristics of the extractor i.e the shape, size and weight.
Design also to protect man against his negligence and for the safety of the motor.
Design to work effectively in any place of application.
The weather condition of any place of its application was also considered, therefore it can be used any where without being affected by the weather condition of the environment.
WORKING METHOD
Metal cutting process consist in removing a layer of metal from blank to obtain a machine part of the required shape and dimensions and with a specified quality of surface finish.
A metal cutting tool is the part of a metal cutting machine tool that, in the cutting process, acts directly on the blank from which the finished part is to made. The metal cutting process accompanied by deformation in compression, tension and shear by a great deal friction and heat generation, tension and shear by a great deal friction and heat generation governed by definite laws. In order to cut the material from blank, the cutting tool should be harder than the material to be cut, the tool should penetrate the blank and the tool should be strong enough to withstand the forces developed in cutting.
In this construction of these dust extraction machine, a lot of welding activities was done and moreso forging in general. Welding is defined as a group of processes in which metals are joined by bringing abutting surfaces to a molten state. It facilitate light weight construction.

 

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MORE DESCRIPTION:

Dust Extractor:

A dust extractor, also known as a dust collector or dust filtration system, is a piece of equipment used in various industries and woodworking shops to remove dust and debris from the air. Its primary function is to improve air quality by capturing and filtering out airborne particles such as dust, wood chips, and other contaminants generated during industrial processes. Dust extractors are crucial for maintaining a clean and safe working environment, as well as for protecting the health of workers.

Here are some key features and components commonly found in dust extractors:

  1. Suction or Vacuum System: Dust extractors typically use a powerful suction system, often provided by an electric motor or an industrial fan, to create a flow of air through the workspace. This airflow helps capture and transport airborne particles towards the filtration system.
  2. Filtration System: Dust extractors have a filtration system designed to trap and separate particles from the air. There are two main types of filtration methods:
    • Bag Filtration: In bag-type dust collectors, particles are collected in fabric filter bags. The air passes through the bags, and the particles are trapped on the inside surface of the bags. Periodically, these bags need to be emptied or replaced.
    • Cartridge Filtration: Cartridge-style dust collectors use pleated filter cartridges to capture particles. The cartridges have a larger surface area compared to bags, which can result in better filtration efficiency and less frequent maintenance.
  3. Collection Container: The collected dust and debris are typically deposited into a collection container, which can be a bag, bin, or drum. This container needs to be emptied or replaced when it becomes full.
  4. Ductwork and Hoses: Dust extractors are connected to the machinery or workstations generating dust via a network of ductwork and flexible hoses. This setup ensures that dust and contaminants are captured at their source and transported to the central collector.
  5. Control and Monitoring: Many modern dust extractors come equipped with control panels that allow operators to adjust suction power and monitor system performance. Some systems also have sensors to detect filter clogs or other issues, providing alerts for maintenance.

Benefits of using a dust extractor include:

  • Improved air quality: Dust extractors remove harmful particles from the air, reducing the risk of respiratory problems and promoting a healthier work environment.
  • Fire prevention: In environments where dust particles can be combustible, dust extractors help mitigate the risk of dust explosions.
  • Equipment maintenance: Removing dust and debris from machinery and workspaces can extend the lifespan of equipment and reduce maintenance costs.
  • Regulatory compliance: Many industries are subject to regulations governing air quality and dust control. Using dust extractors helps meet these requirements.

Overall, dust extractors play a crucial role in maintaining a clean, safe, and productive workspace in industries where dust and debris are common byproducts of operations