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Effect Of Temperature On Hydrolysis Of Cellulose (Saw-Dust)

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The hydrolysis of cellulose, specifically sawdust, refers to the process wherein cellulose undergoes chemical breakdown in the presence of water. Temperature plays a crucial role in influencing the kinetics of this hydrolysis reaction. As the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the molecules involved increases, promoting more collisions and interactions between cellulose and water molecules. This heightened energy facilitates the cleavage of glycosidic bonds in cellulose, leading to the liberation of glucose units. Elevated temperatures accelerate the hydrolysis rate, as they enhance the accessibility of water molecules to cellulose chains. Additionally, the increased thermal energy aids in overcoming activation energy barriers, facilitating the breakdown of complex cellulose structures into simpler components. Consequently, the impact of temperature on the hydrolysis of cellulose, exemplified by sawdust, is a fundamental aspect that significantly influences the efficiency and speed of this biochemical process, with higher temperatures generally correlating with increased hydrolysis rates.

ABSTRACT

The effect of concentration of hydrochloric acid on hydrolysis of cellulose (saw-
dust) to glucose was studied on this research project and the steps obtained to
achieve this project involved treatment of saw-dust (cellulose) with different
concentrations of the acid at constant temperature of 80°𝐶 (350k) for 30mins. This
was followed by glucose analysis, some analysis or experiments were done on acid
hydrolysis in order to study the effect of (HCL) acid on the hydrolysis of cellulose
to glucose. The process used in this hydrolysis was acid hydrolysis in which HCL
acid was used at constant temperature of 80oC and the saw-dust used [was obtained
by grinding wood with saw] was weighed and mixed with water . Secondly, during
this analysis/experiment, it was observed that hydrochloric acid hydrolyzed well
from the readings gotten from each result that was carried out during the analysis.
Then lastly, glucose analysis was carried out to determine the absorbance and
glucose concentration. It was noticed that the best concentration of HCL acid
during hydrolysis yields glucose concentration of 0.127g or 1.270%.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definition of Terms 3
1.3 Statement of the Problem 4
1.4 Scope and of Study Limitations 5
1.5 Objectives 6

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature Review 8
2.2 History 9
2.3 Products 10
2.4 Cellulose Source and Energy Store of Crops 12
2.5 Structure and Properties 14
2.6 Biosynthesis 18
2.7 Breakdown (Cellucolysis) 22
2.8 Hemicellulose 24
2.9 Derivatives 24
2.10 Functionality 29
2.11 Occurrences 30
2.12 Classification of Cellulose 31
2.12.1 Cellulose Acetate. 32
2.12.2 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate. 32
2.12.3 Cellulose Nitrate. 33
2 12 .4 Methyl Cellulose.- 34
2.12.5 Ethyl Cellulose. 34
2.12.6 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose. 35
2.13 Regenerated Cellulose. 36
2.14 Uses of Sugar. 38
2.15 Sugar in Foods 40
2.16 Functions of Sugar. 40
2.17 Natural Polymers of Sugar. 41
2.18 Types of Sugar. 42

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Materials and Equipment 46
3.1.1 Materials: 46
3.1.2 Apparatus: 46
3.1.3 Reagent 47
3.2 Acid Hydrolysis (Hcl) 48
3.2.1 Procedure: 48
3.2.2 Glucose Analysis Colorimetric (Using Benedict’s) Method. 49
3.2.3 Procedure: 50
The Glucose Concentration (Hcl) Was Determined Using
Beer Lambat Law. 50

CHAPTER FOUR
Results and Discussion
4.1 Results 52
4.2 Discussion 53

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 55
5.1 Conclusion 55
5.2 Recommendation 56
References 58
Appendix A 60
Appendix B 61

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction
Cellulose is the name given to a long chain of atoms consisting of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen arranged in a particular manner it is
a naturally occurring polymeric material containing thousands of
glucose-like rings each of which contain three alcoholic OH groups.
Its general each of which contain three alcoholic OH groups. Its
general formula is represented as (C6H1005)n. the oh-groups present
in cellulose can be esterifies or etherified, the most important
cellulose derivatives are the esters.
Cellulose is found in nature in almost all forms of plant life’s, and
especially in cotton and wood. A cellulose molecule is made up of
large number of glucose units linked together by oxygen atom. Each
glucose unit contains three(3) hydroxyl groups, the hydroxyl groups
present at carbon-6 is primary, while two other hydroxyl are
secondary. Cellulose is the most abundant organic chemical on
earth more than 50% of the carbon is plants occurs in the cellulose
of stems and leave wood is largely cellulose, and cotton is more
than 90% cellulose. It is a major constituent of plant cell walls that

1.2 Definition of Terms
Hydrolysis: means hydro (water) lysis (splitting) or breaking down of
a chemical bond by the addition of water (H2O), it is by the
introduction of the elements that make up water hydrogen and
oxygen. The reactions are more complicated than just adding water
to a compound, but by the end of a hydrolysis reaction, there will
be two more hydrogen’s and one more oxygen shared between the
products, than there were before the reaction occurred.
Hydrolysis of cellulose therefore is the process of breaking
down the glucosidic bonds that holds the glucose basic units
together to term a large cellulose molecule, it is a term used to
describe the overall process where cellulsose is converted into
various sweeteners.
Sugar: is the generalized name for a class of chemically related
sweet – flavored substances, most of which are used as food. They
are carbohydrates, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
There are various sugar derived from different sources. Simple
sugars are called monosaccharide’s and include glucose cellos
known as dextrose, fructose and galactose. The table or granulated
sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide
other disacclarides include maltose and lacoose. Chemically-
different substances may also have a sweet taste, but are not
classified as sugar but as artificial sweeteners.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The new government policies and economy through low quality
products has imposed motivated researchers to explore the
numerous domestic, industrial and economic importance of the
Nigeria’s major waste product which is “cellulose” which forms the
bedrock of this project.
Sugar is a high demand for both domestic and industrial
applications on daily basis in homes, small and medium scale
industries etc this is why Nigeria government spends huge sums of
money on importation of sugar and sugar products to meet the
demand of citizens. Among the many processes of sugar production,
is acid hydrolysis of (cellulose) has proved to be a process which
encourages the production of high quality with minimum skill and
materials. This work is therefore an effort to encourage
industrialist, researchers, and students to carry out more intensive
studies on production of sugar from cellulose for production of
sugar and enhanced economic resources for the nation.

1.4 SCOPE AND OF STUDY LIMITATIONS
This study is aimed at estimating the impact of some areas
hindering the subject/project matter (disadvantages) the cellulose.
It is obvious that cellulose materials have been used, including
newspaper, carboard, cotton, straw, sawdust, hemp and corncob.
Monticell was insulated with a form of cellulose. Modern cellulose
insulation, made with recycled newspaper using grinding and dust
removing machines and adding a fire retardant, began in the 1950s
and came into general use in the U.S during the 1970s.
The R value Rule” placed clear limitations on the claims that
manufacturing and marketing firms can make about their product,
then also the effect of regulations by the CPSC put most of the
small producers of cellulose insulation out of business. The costs
incurred by increasing fire testing made cellulose more expensive
and the bad publicity helped decrease demand.
Cellulose also has a few disadvantages. As compared to other
insulation options, the R-value of 3.6 to 3.8 per inch is good but not
the best. Many spray foams utilizes an environmentally harmful
blowing agent, such as enovate HFC, cellulose does not.
Dust: Cellulose contains some small particles which can be blown
into the house through inadequate seals around fixtures or minute
holes.
Wet-spray drying time: We-spray provides the moisture requires a
longer drying time before the drywall/sheet-rock is applied to a
newly insulation.

1.5 OBJECTIVES
The principal aim of undertaking this project is to determine the
effect of concentration of acid on the yield of glucose production by
acid hydrolysis of cellulose.
Hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose using different concentration of
hydrochloric acid.
Calculating and quantifying the yield of glucose from hydrolysis of
cellulose using HCL acid.
In the experiment, cellulose from variety of sources will be
subjected to depolymerization conditions.

SIMILAR PROJECT TOPICS:
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MORE DESCRIPTION:

Effect Of Temperature On Hydrolysis Of Cellulose (Saw-Dust):

The hydrolysis of cellulose, such as sawdust, is a complex process influenced by various factors, including temperature. Cellulose is a linear polymer made up of glucose molecules linked together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Hydrolysis of cellulose involves breaking these glycosidic bonds to release individual glucose units or shorter oligomers. Temperature plays a significant role in this process, and its effect can be summarized as follows:

Rate of Reaction: Increasing the temperature generally accelerates the hydrolysis of cellulose. This is because higher temperatures provide more thermal energy to the reactant molecules, increasing the likelihood of successful collisions between cellulose molecules and water molecules, which is crucial for the hydrolysis reaction to occur.

Activation Energy: The hydrolysis of cellulose is an endothermic reaction, meaning it requires an input of energy to break the glycosidic bonds. Higher temperatures provide more energy to overcome the activation energy barrier, making the reaction more favorable and faster.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Hydrolysis reactions are typically reversible, and the equilibrium constant for the reaction can be influenced by temperature. Higher temperatures can shift the equilibrium towards the products (glucose or cellulose fragments) as it is generally an endothermic process.

Reaction Selectivity: Temperature can affect the selectivity of the hydrolysis reaction. At higher temperatures, there is a greater chance of breaking the glycosidic bonds within cellulose, leading to the formation of smaller oligomers or glucose units. However, excessive temperature can also lead to side reactions or degradation of the cellulose products.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis: In natural systems, enzymes like cellulase play a crucial role in the hydrolysis of cellulose. Temperature can significantly affect enzyme activity. Typically, enzymes have an optimal temperature range for activity, and deviations from this range can either increase or decrease their effectiveness. For cellulase, the optimal temperature is usually around 45-50°C.

Kinetic Considerations: The Arrhenius equation describes how the rate of a reaction depends on temperature. As temperature increases, the rate constant of the reaction generally increases exponentially, indicating a strong temperature dependence of the reaction rate.

Product Distribution: Higher temperatures may favor the production of glucose and shorter oligomers as end products, which are more desirable for various industrial applications, including biofuel production.

It’s important to note that while higher temperatures can increase the rate of cellulose hydrolysis, there are practical limits. Excessive temperatures can lead to the formation of undesirable byproducts, such as furans or lignin degradation products, which can reduce the overall yield and quality of the hydrolysis process. Therefore, the choice of temperature in cellulose hydrolysis processes needs to balance the need for a high reaction rate with the need to minimize unwanted side reactions and product degradation. The specific optimal temperature can vary depending on the reaction conditions and the desired products.