Factors Affecting How Environmental Impact Assessment Recommendations Are Applied To Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
  • Background Of The study
  • Problem Statement
  • Purposeof theStudy
  • ObjectivesoftheStudy
  • Significance of the study
  • Research Questions
  • DelimitationoftheStudy
  • LimitationoftheStudy
  • AssumptionsoftheStudy
  • DefinitionofSignificantTerms usedintheStudy
  • Organizationof thestudy

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1            Introduction

2.2            EIAmonitoringandevaluation

2.3            ParticipationofStakeholdersandpublicinEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProcess.

2.3.1    RelevanceofPublicParticipationintheEIAprocess

2.3.2    Constraintsto publicParticipationinEIA

2.3.3    TheneedforEIAmonitoringandevaluationof

2.3.4    ParticipationofStakeholdersandpublicinEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProcess.

2.4            Influenceofbudgetaryallocation inImplementationof EIArecommendation.

2.5 EvolutionofEnvironmentalImpactAssessment

2.6     EIAinNigeria

2.6.1`EIAandSustainability

2.7 EnvironmentallawsinNigeria

2.8 BasicPrinciples EnvironmentalImpactAssessment

2.9 ProcedureofEIAinNigeria

2.9.1    ChallengesandConstraintsofEIAinNigeria

• Institutionalandregulatoryframework

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     METHODSANDMATERIALS

3.1    Introduction

3.2      Studydesign

3.3      Population of the study

3.4      SamplingProcedureandSampleSize

3.5     DataCollectionMethods

3.6     ValidityofResearchInstrument

3.7     ReliabilityofResearchInstrument

3.8    ReliabilityStatistics

3.9     EthicalIssues

3.10   MethodsofDataAnalysis

CHAPTER FOUR

3.0            DATAANALYSIS,PRESENTATIONANDINTERPRETATION

4.1     Introduction

• Questionnairereturnrate

4.3            DataAnalysis

• DemographicCharacteristicsofRespondents
• Extenttowhichmonitoringandevaluationbyleadagenciesinfluenceimplementationof EIA recommendations
• Extent to      which          public         participation        influences    implementation          of      EIArecommendations
• ExtenttowhichbudgetaryallocationinfluencestheimplementationofEIArecommendations

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARYOFFINDINGS,DISCUSSIONS,CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS

5.1          Introduction

5.2          SummaryofFindings

5.3          Discussionsofthestudy

5.4          Conclusionsofthestudy

ACRONYMSAND ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

The study aimed toanalysefactors affecting how environmental impact assessment recommendations are applied to project in Abuja.The core purposeof environmental impact assessment is to integrate environmental considerations early in the decision-making process in orderto identify and mitigate potential negative impacts of proposed actions. This is necessary toensure thatappropriatemitigationmeasuresareincorporatedduring the planning phasesofprojects, activities and operations. In spite it’s well known advantages; the environmental impact assessment processes havedocumentedweaknessesthathamperitseffectiveuse.Thishascompromiseditseffectiveintegrationofsocial,economicandecologicalconsiderationsintosustainabledevelopment.based on thisexisting fact the study will concentrate on three major parameters :the extent towhich monitoring and evaluation by lead agencies affect the implementation of environmentalimpactassessmentrecommendations,theextenttowhichpublicparticipationinfluencesimplementation ofenvironmental impact assessment recommendations and lastly the extent towhich budgetary allocation influences the implementation of environmental impact assessmentrecommendationsin Abuja .The theory of environmental impact assessment decision willbe adopted which argues thatif you provide better and more information to the decision makerthen they will make a more rational decision because they will be better informed. Although it iswell known that in reality, decisions about development are not made solely or in some caseseven at all on a rational basis.In this study anonprobabilistic sampling design, will be used since it is suitable when data sought can only beobtained from certain groups. A target population of 63 was used as 10% of the sample framefrom ex-post facto research design. A questionnaire with both closed ended and open endedquestions and an interview schedule was used as tools for the collection of primary data. Thequestionnaire will be hand delivered to respondents and a time for collection agreed upon. Theuseofaninterviewschedulerequiredadministrationby anenumerator,whowillhelptherespondentfilltheschedule.AcomputersoftwareprogrammeSPSSwasusedtoanalyzequantitativedatawherebothdescriptiveandpersoncorrelationwasperformed.ThestudyestablishedthatapositivecorrelationexistedbetweenmonitoringandevaluationandimplementationofEIArecommendations=0.479,P=0.00<α(0.05publicparticipationalsorecorded a positive correlation of R=0.523, p=0.00<α (0.05).and on the last objective the studyestablishedapositivecorrelationbetweenbudgetaryallocationandimplementationofEIArecommendations R=0.471p=0.000<α (0.05).the study concluded that monitoring and evaluation,public participation and budgetary allocation all had significant influence on the implementationofEIA recommendations.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1                           Background to the Study

Environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources induced by human activitieshave attracted steadily growing concerns in the last decades. Such concerns made evident thenecessityfortheplanningauthoritiestocountonsoundinformationaboutthepossibleenvironmental consequences of development actions. One of the tools available to satisfy thisneedisrepresentedbytheprocedureofEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA).Thisprocedureinvolvesthesystematicidentificationandevaluationoftheimpactsontheenvironmentcaused byaproposed project.

Nigeria(Africa’smostpopulousnation),independentsince1960,occupiesanareaof923,768km2withvariedclimatesandseasons.Presently,itsestimatedpopulationisover100millionpeople.

Priortooil,agriculture(before1970)wastheeconomicmainstay.Withfinancialresourcesavailablefromoilandnodevelopmentpolicy,unguidedurbanizationandindustrializationtookplace.Uncontrolledpopulationgrowth,desertification,anddeforestationledtodegradationanddevastationoftheenvironment.Asdesirableandnecessaryasdevelopmentis,itbecameanalbatrossnotofitselfbutbecauseofthelackofappropriatepoliciestoguideit.Therewereseveralsectoralregulationsaimedatcontrollingenvironmentaldegradationwhichwereunsuccessfulduetotheabsenceofeffectivesanctions.Economicconsiderationsandfundamentallackofknowledgeofinterdependentlinkagesamongdevelopmentprocessesandenvironmentalfactors,aswellashumanandnaturalresources,resultedinanunmitigatedassaultontheenvironment.However,theenvironmentandtheneedforitspreservation(inspiteofalleffortsbyUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram[UNEP]andInternationalConventionswhichNigeriaratified),tookcentrestageafterthemomentousandsingulareventofthesecretdumpingoftoxicwasteinKokoPort,BendelState(nowDeltaState)inMay1988byforeignparties.ThiswasfollowedbythepromulgationoftheHarmfulWastes(SpecialCriminalProvisions)Act1990.Initswake,internationalseminarsandworkshopswereheldinAbujaandLagosandtheconsensuswasfor appropriateenvironmentallegislationtodiscourageshort-termplansand‘firebrigade’approachestoenvironmentalissues.

Aninstitutionalframeworkwassetuptodealwiththeproblemsofourenvironment.TheFederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(FEPA),establishedbyDecree58of1988ofthesamenameandamendedbyDecree59of1992,wasgivenresponsibilityforcontroloverourenvironmentandforthedevelopmentofprocessesandpoliciestoachievethis.ApartfrompublishingtheNationalPolicyontheEnvironment(NPE)in1989,withthepolicygoalofachievingsustainabledevelopment,itpublishedothersectoralregulationsincludingtheNationalEnvironmentalProtection(PollutionAbatementinIndustriesandFacilitiesGeneratingWastes)Regulation1991whereinEIAwasmadeobligatoryonlywhensodemandedbyFEPAandcompliancewaswithin90daysofsuchdemand.HoweverintheoilindustrytheprincipallegislationisthePetroleumAct1969andallderivativeregulationschargedDPRamongotherswithpollutionabatement.

States and Local Government Councils (LG) which comprise the second andthird tiers of government were encouraged under Decree 59 of 1992 to set uptheirownenvironmentalprotectionagencies.

Foraproposedprojectoractivity,theEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)processconsistsofthepre-decisionstageandthepost decision stage.The pre-decision stage consists of: screening todetermine whether theproject requiresfull EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA) or not; scoping to prepare the terms of reference of the EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA); impactprediction andanalysistoestablishthepotentialnegativeandpositiveenvironmentalimpactsofthe proposed project and to propose mitigation measures and; review for decisionmaking. The post decision stage known as follow-up is broadly defined as the collection ofactivities undertaken after approval of a project has been given following Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) review. Thepurpose for undertaking these activities is to monitor, evaluate, manage and communicate theenvironmental outcomesthat occur inorder toensure that projectsare meeting intendedgoalsandobjectivesand,moreimportantly,toprovideforfeedbackandlearningforimprovingenvironmental management practices (Arts et al. 2001). Follow-up involves monitoring andevaluationofprojectactivities’outputsduringtheimplementation,operationanddecommissioningoftheprojectagainsta prioriselectedenvironmentalperformanceindicatorstoestablishtheaccuracyofimpact prediction made during theimpact analysisstage. The monitoring and evaluation results are used to check compliance with regulations inforce,theeffectivenessofthemitigationmeasuresandinformenvironmentalmanagementactions.

AccordingtoHarmer(2005),effectiveEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) shouldreducetheenvironmentalimpactsofdevelopmentsifitsrecommendationsareimplementediscompletelyandadequately.ImplementationoftheserecommendationscanensurethattheexpectedbenefitsofEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA)forecastduring the pre-decision stages of the process are achieved during project implementation andmanagement. Furthermore, it enables the lessons, learned from experience to improve futurepractice of Environmental Impact Assessment. Without the implementations of the recommendations, Environmental Impact Assessment may be little morethanapaperbasedexercisetoobtain projectapproval. (Morrison-Saunders et al,2001).

1.2                           Statement of the Problem

The fundamental purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment is to integrate environmental considerations early in the decision-making process in order to identify and mitigate potential negative impacts of proposed actions.This is necessary to ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated during theplanningphases of projects, activities and operations.

In spite its use in both developed and developing countries, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)  processes have documentedweaknesses that hamperits effective use. Thishas compromised its effective integration ofsocial,economicandecologicalconsiderationsintosustainabledevelopment.SomeofthegenerallydocumentedEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) weaknessesinclude:lackofmeaningfulpartnershipwiththeconcerned public, poor quality and incomplete Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) oftenoverpopulatedwithinformationandinadequateimplementationoftheproposedmitigationmeasuresamongothers (Rafique, 2005).

Nigeria that have Abuja as its capital territory is a good example of a developing country with a highly ambitious EIA legislation inplace taking into account environmental, social, cultural as well as economic impacts of plannedprojects.Yet, the Nigeria faces many environmental and social problems resulting from sucheconomic activities. Having the poor growing economy in Sub Saharan Africa in 2011 (WorldBank 2012).

Therateofenvironmentaldegradationofthecountryhoweverisalarmingduetosucheconomicactivities.ThedegradationpressuresthelivelihoodsofamajorpartofNigerianspopulation, which depends on environmental natural recourses for survival.   Furthermore,it   isamajorthreattoNigeria’sfuturegrowthpotentialandthusthecountry’spotentialforpovertyreduction.Therefore,despitethepresenceofanambitiousEIAsystem,negativeenvironmentalandsocialimpactsofprojectsactivitiesremainmajorchallengestoachievesustainabledevelopmentin this country.

Views of researchers who have conducted studies on EIA practice in Nigeria suggest that the areaof project EIA implementation and follow up needs improvement.Accordingto Muhhamad(2003),thereisneedfortheNigerianpublic,leadagenciesandFEPAtoensurefullimplementationofEIAandISO14000asoneofthemeasuresofmanagingthenegativeenvironmentalimpacts of urbanization. Otherwise EIA will remain merely an instrument ofapproval of projects.Whether EIA mechanisms have worked or is working for Nigeria is aquestionthat deservesananswer.

The problem of the study was therefore to investigate the factors influencing the implementationof environmental impact assessment recommendations on commercial projects in AbujaNigeria.

1.3                           Purpose of the Study

Thepurposeofthestudywastoanalyzethefactorsinfluencingtheimplementationofenvironmental impact assessment recommendations on commercial projects in Abuja Nigeria.

1.4                           Objectives of the Study

Thisstudywasguided bythe followingobjectives.

1. To determine the extent to which monitoring and evaluation by lead agencies influences theimplementationofenvironmentalimpactassessmentrecommendationsoncommercialprojects.
2. Todeterminetheextenttowhichpublicparticipationinfluencestheimplementationofenvironmentalimpact assessment recommendationson commercial projects.

1.5                           Research Questions

Thestudywasguidedbythefollowingresearch questions.

1. Towhatextentdoesmonitoringandevaluationbyleadagencieseffecttheimplementationofenvironmentalimpactassessmentrecommendationbycommercialprojects?
2. Howdoespublicparticipationeffecttheimplementationofenvironmentalimpactassessmentrecommendations on commercial projects?
3. To what extent does budgetary allocation have on implementation of environmental impactassessmentrecommendations on commercial projects?

1.6                           Significance of the Study

This study will incite project proponents, planners, designers,managers,theregulatingauthority,membersofthepublicandleadagenciestore-lookatcommercial projects implementation of EIA recommendations with a view to improving EMPdesign and mechanisms of its implementation for better environmental performance. A properEIAimplementationensuresadherencetoproponentcommitments,licenseconditions,implementationofplannedmitigationmeasuresandappropriatemanagementactiononunpredictednegative impactscoming tolightinthe course of projectimplementation.Thegeneral public will as a consequence of positive action taken by the foregoing groups benefitfromtheresultant improved publichealth and safetysituation.

1.7                           Delimitation of the Study

ThisstudyconsistedofthecollectionofinformationonimplementationEIArecommendationsin Abuja. Thestudy also covereda random sample from licensed projects withinthe saidgeographicalareaonlyprojects that fallundercommercial categorizationwere selectedforthestudy.

1.8                           Limitation of the Study

The major limiting factor encountered for the study was number of EIA specialists in Abujawhowereinvolvedincommercialdevelopmentprojectswhoarerelativelylimited.Thedata collection method for the study required that questionnaires be served upon the identifiedcrucialmembersitwasexpectedthat,theresearcherandhisassistantswouldencounterdifficultiesin reachingthesepeople.

1.9                           Assumptions of the Study

It was assumedthat the truthfulness of the respondents and the reliability andvalidityoftheinstrumentsofsurveywouldbesuchastofacilitatethecollectionof information whoseanalysiswouldculminatein therealization ofuseful results.

1.10                           Definition of Significant Terms used in the Study

This section presents the definition of the key terms used in the study. The terms are definedwithinthe context of theresearch study.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA): is an environmental management tool comprising ofthe components of; projects screening, scoping, impacts prediction and analysis, formulation ofmitigation measures through public participation, environmental management plan formulation,decisiontaking, implementation and follow-up.

EIA implementationand follow up: consists of project activities undertaken after approval ofEIA to ensure implementation of approval conditions, check the accuracy of impact prediction,measure the effectiveness of mitigation measures, monitor environmental performance of theprojectand disseminatemanagement decisionsto stakeholders.

Environmentalmanagementstructure:isthemechanismputinplacebyacountry’sregulatory authoritytoenableitcoordinateeffectivelytheactivitiesofinternationalandlocalpartnerstorealizeasynergytowardsenvironmentalperformance.

Lead agency: means any Government ministry, department, parastatal, state corporation or localauthority, in which any law vests functions of control or management of any element of theenvironmentor natural resource;

Monitoringandevaluation:referstothecollectionofdatathroughaseriesofrepetitivemeasurements of environmental parameters (or more generally to a process of systematic) andassessment oftheirimpact.

EnvironmentMonitoring:Isthecontinuousassessmentanddeterminationoftheactualpotential effects of anyactivityon theenvironment

Project:definesanactionoractivitythatleads toprojectswith animpacton theenvironment.

Environment: The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (such as climate, soil, andlivingthings)thatactuponindividualorganismsandcommunities,includinghumans,andultimately determine their form and survival. It is also the aggregate of social and culturalconditions that influence the life of an individual or community. The environment includesnatural resources and ecosystem services that comprise essential life supporting functions forhumans,includingcleanwater,food,materialsforshelter,andlivelihoodgeneration.

Impact:Any effect caused by a proposed activity on the environment, including effects onhumanhealthandsafety,flora,fauna,soil,air,water,climate,landscapeandhistoricalmonuments, or other physical structures, or the interaction among those factors. It also includeseffectsonculturalheritageorsocioeconomicconditionsresulting fromalterationstothosefactors.

1.11                           Organization of the study

Chapter one gives a general introduction (significance, problem and purpose statement, scope aswell as framework) of the study. Additionally, this chapter shows that this research will providevital information for the improvement of the practice of Environmental Impact assessment andboth in Nigeria and by extension other developing countries. Chapter two provides a generalreview of the available literature information on EIA systems. Focus is made on the general EIAsysteminNigeriawherelegaldocuments,researchpapers,journalarticles,conferenceproceedings and thesis are analyzed to determine weaknesses. The practice of EIA and its currentrole in Environmental Assessment in Nigeria is also looked into. In addition, this chapter alsoconstructs a conceptual frame work of the study. And finally Chapter three focuses on themethods used for this study; it documents the necessary steps taken to obtain results, analyzethem and present them in a scientific manner. Chapter four explains the data analysis made andhow the analysed date is to be presented. It reduces raw data to intelligible and interpretable formusingstatics.Itdiscussesthe relationships differencesandmeaningofresearch results

Chapter five gives a summary of the findings of the study. A discussion of the findings is done inthe chapter. This is done by comparing and contrasting of the findings with other empiricalfindingsshow how thefindings agreeor disagreewith theexistingbodyofknowledge.

CHAPTERFIVE

SUMMARYOFFINDINGS,DISCUSSIONS,CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS

5.1          Introduction

Thischapterpresentsasummaryofmajorfindings,discussions,conclusionsandrecommendations in relation to the purpose of research; which was to find ways to incite projectproponents, planners, designers, managers, the regulating authority, members of the public andlead agencies to re-look at project implementation of EIA recommendations with a view toimproving better environmental performance. The study specifically aimed at establishing towhat extent three independent variables influenced the dependent variable of implementation ofEIA recommendationsin Abuja, through the analysis of primary data obtained thererelevant lead agenciesand project proponents as well as secondary data obtained.Discussedherebelowarethe summarize findingsagainst theresearch questions.

5.2          Summary of Findings

The summary of findings was discussed in relation to the study objectives which were; Toexaminetheextenttowhichmonitoringandevaluationbyleadagenciesinfluencestheimplementation of EIA recommendations, to establish the extent to which public participationinfluences the implementation if EIA recommendations and finally to examine the extent towhichbudgetaryallocationinfluencestheimplementationofEIArecommendationsoncommercialprojects

5.3          Discussions of the study

Statistical tests showed that there is indeed a high significance and relationship between thedependent and the independent variables. Monitoring and evaluation by lead agencieswerefoundtoshowaspectsinmanywaystoprovethatsuccessfulimplementationEIArecommendationsisenshrinedintheleadagencymonitoringandevaluation.Fieldresultsindicated that there are environmental consequences of poor monitoring and evaluation. ThiscorroborateswhatSaunders(2003)provedthatmonitoringoftheimplementationofEIArecommendations is necessary to avert environmental degradation. The findings have thereforeshownadequatemonitoringandevaluationhaveagreatimpactinreducingenvironmentaldegradationbycommercial developments.

Findings of the study indicated that public participation positively correlate with implementationof EIA recommendations R=0.523, p=0.00<α (0.05).It is also clear as per the results of the studythat only two percent of the lead agencies have adequately involved the members of public in theEIA process. The results corroborates what other scholars found out for example wood (2003),Saddler (1996) and Rafique(2005) who observed the very minimal public involvement is doneduringtheEIAprocessduetotheseveralchallengesuncountedduringtheduringtheimplementation on EIA participation, even thou it is completely inevitable for the public to beoverlooked. This simply means that public participation needs to be consulted from the earlystages of the EIA process. Traditionally, lead agencies have tended to overlook importance ofpublic involvement either through ignorance or sometimes with a purpose in order to avoidcensorship. Theoretical thinking has it that the public should be approached using a systemsapproachand that individuals who cooperate and work towards the same goal and objective aremorelikelyto achieve morethan thosewhogo italone.

In this study, it has been proved that poor public involvement by lead agencies and EIA expertshave a direct impact in the implementation of EIA recommendations. Stakeholders are thereforevery important in the successful implementation of EIA recommendations by commercial projectproponents To ensure effective public participation the study established that, public awareness,enforcement of public participation and more seriousness by the EIA experts as the main areas tobank onThe use of questioners and surveys was noted as the most common mode of publicinvolvement with technical workshops, Non-technical workshops and interpersonal contacts notbeingwell utilized despitetherebeingalegalrequirement fortheirutilization

Results indicated the lead agencies insufficiently budget for the follow up of the implementationofEIArecommendationsTheseresultscorroborateMorrison,SaundersandArts(2004)argumentthatuntilthebenefitsofEIAimplementationofrecommendationsarewidelyrecognized in terms of long term cost savings and improved environmental management leadagentswillcontinuetounderbudgetfinancesforEIAfollowupofrecommendedrecommendations diversion of the under budgeted finances was found to be large contributor ofthe already existing challenge with unrealistic estimation during the budgetary process as thecourse of under budgeting and finally sourcing and securing of adequate finances as the majorchallenge encountered bythe budget process

5.4          Conclusions of the study

Thefirstconclusionfromstudyfindingswasthatmonitoringandevaluationaffecttheimplementation of EIA recommendations on commercial projects In particular, lack of guidance,poorlydevelopedmonitoringandevaluationtechniques,enforcementdeficiency,limitedfinancial support and deficiencyof EIArecommendations

The study also concluded that public participation by persons involved in the entire EIA processhad great influence on degree of implementation of EIA recommendations lead agencies arehowever familiarwiththe government regulationsinpertainingpublicparticipationmatters.

Anotherimportantconclusionwasthatadequatebudgetaryallocationparamountintheimplementation of EIA recommendations. The study has shown that there is a perfect positivecorrelation between budgetary allocation and the implementation of EIA recommendations andthereforeleadagenciesmustbe nurtured to haveadequate budgetaryallocation

5.5          Recommendations of the study.

EIA/A Regulations 2003 should be amended to include a paragraph that requires EMPs in EIAreportstoincludeclearenvironmentalindicatorstoaidimplementationofEIArecommendations.SpecialjointoversightteamsshouldbeestablishedinordertofacilitateperiodicmonitoringandevaluationofEIArecommendationsandensureeffectiveimplementation of the stated recommendations. It is further recommended that public educationon the importance of implementation of EIA recommendations be an integral part of all leadagencies.

All lead agencies should make provision for deep analysis of finances adequate for the specialjoint oversight teams in there budgetary process The study also recommended that there shouldbe more research and development (R & D) as this would give EIA experts quality judgment inproviding there recommendations to commercial development proponents . Finally, there is needforleadagentstoworktowardsself-sustainability toavoidfinancialdependency formthegovernmentand international donors

5.6        Suggestions for Further Research

Thesubjectof  implementationof EIA recommendations    andfollowupneedstobetreatedseriouslybyall stakeholders in order for the inhabitants of Abuja in particularand Nigeria in general to reap the benefits of sustainable development that accrue with goodenvironmentalmanagementpractices.Whiletheobjectiveswereclearandsuccessfullyaccomplished,several areas remainunclearand requirefurther research.

First the study focused only on the concept monitoring and evaluation of implementation of EIArecommendations. The concept of effective monitoring and its advantages should be consideredfor further study. Second, It is proposed that further research be carried out on the quality of EIAreports since they form the basis of the entire EIA process. Finally, the study only used threeaspects of the organization namely monitoring and evaluation, public participation and budgetaryallocation. Other aspects of the organization could be reconsidered in a future research forexampletrainingand development, ofEIA lead agents.