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Formulation And Production Of Levera Soap

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92 Pages
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12,200 Words

The formulation and production of Levera Soap involve a meticulous process of crafting a unique blend of cleansing agents and skin-friendly ingredients. Leveraging cutting-edge research in dermatology, the soap is meticulously curated to cater to diverse skin types, ensuring a harmonious balance between effective cleansing and gentle nourishment. The formulation integrates carefully selected natural extracts known for their rejuvenating properties, promoting a refreshing and invigorating bathing experience. The production process employs state-of-the-art technology to achieve precision in mixing and molding, resulting in a high-quality soap bar. Levera Soap’s distinctive composition, which includes herbal essences and moisturizing elements, addresses the specific needs of the skin, contributing to a radiant and healthy complexion. This soap exemplifies a commitment to excellence in skincare, blending science and nature seamlessly to deliver a product that elevates the daily cleansing routine.

ABSTRACT

The production of the soap was carried out using all the necessary equipments like the reactor, mould, stirrer, hygrometer guage etc. and all the required reagents for soap production in correct proportion.
In the production, palm kernel oil (P.K.O) was used instead of tallow or grease. This was because soap produced from grease or tallow tends to dissolve slowly at room temperature, whereas, soap of palm kernel oil product gives a quicker lather which is relatively suitable.
Different formulation were developed, but the most appropriate was the ratio 2:1 of P.K.O to caustic soda solution. This ratio gave a very quality soap. The other formulation are 3:1 and 1:1 of good quality and physically, they were observed to be brittle.
The test and analysis carried out on the P.K.O and the soap produced proved that the saponification value of the P.K.O was 248.24; refractive index was 1.451, free fatty value of 1.58; acid value of 4.43; moisture content of 26.78%; free alkali of 0.214%, alcohol insoluble matter of 1.43% and PH value of 9.98 at a temperature reading 2980c. The soap was moderately soft and very soluble in water.
The quality of soap produced conformed to all the requirements for toilet soap from Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). It was found out that the soap has no inferiors effect on the skin; does not contain any visible foreign matter which means that the soap was properly mixed, does not encourage microbial growth and lathers effectively.
It was also found that the cost of producing the herbal/medicated or antiseptic soap was N63.00k compared to that sold in the market for N100.00k per tablet. Thus, the production based on the research work was profitable and more economical.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Soap is defined as the sodium salt of fatty acid. It is a saponification products of fat and oil.
The washing industry, usually known as the soap industry, has root over 2000 years in the past, a soap factory being found in the Pompeii excavation. However, among the many chemical process industries, none has experience such a fundamental change in chemical raw materials as have the washing industries. It has been generally accepted that the per capital use of toilet soap is a reliable guide to the standard of living for any country.
Moreover, the process of soap making has progressed from batch-wise saponification process to continous saponification process, which was first installed in 1937 by procter and gamble.
In otherwords, soap is the earliest detergent known to man and apparently was first made by the Roman from animal’s fats and wood ashes (which contains the alkali potassium carbonate) about 2500 years ago. In colonial America and until the 1940s, most soap was manufactured by an alkaline hydrolysis reaction called saponification.

1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK
This project is concerned with the production of a high quality soap from local raw materials such as palm kernel oil, hence emphasis shall be placed on soaps rather than on soapless detergents.
The making of soap is one of the oldest of chemical synthesis/whom the German tribeman of Caeser time boiled goat tallow with potash leached from the ashes of wood fire’s they were carrying out the some chemical reactions as the one carried out on a tremendous scale by modern soap manufacturers, hydrolysis of glycerine which yields salt of the carboxylic acids and glycerol.
Soap may vary in composition and method of processing: if made from olive oil, it is enstile soap; alcohol can be added to make it transparent; our can be beaten in to make it float; perfumes, dyes, germicides can be added; if a potassium salt (instead of a sodium salt) is used; it is a soft soap. Chemically however, soap remains pretty much the same and does its job the same way.
The overall objective of this research project is geared towards producing soap of very good quality from palm kernel oil at a very economic way.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
Soap can be produced with a wide range variety of raw material. It basic composition is a product of an alkali, or a mixture of alkalis an oil or its blend. However, from literature survey, it was found that various types of oils differed, consequently their soap product differed.
In this research work, high quality industrial soap can be produced using palm kernel oil. The work involves working out the soap formulae and using the formulations to produce soap. The soaps so produced will then be tested analytically to determine their various physical and chemical properties. Finally, recommendations will be made.

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Formulation And Production Of Soap:

Soap is a common household product that has been used for centuries to clean and sanitize. It is typically made through a chemical process known as saponification, which involves mixing fats or oils with an alkali (such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) to create soap and glycerin. Here’s a basic overview of the formulation and production of soap:

Ingredients:

Fats or Oils: These are the primary raw materials for soap making. Common fats and oils used include coconut oil, olive oil, palm oil, and various animal fats. The choice of fats or oils will affect the properties of the final soap.

Alkali: Sodium hydroxide (for solid soap) or potassium hydroxide (for liquid soap) is used as the alkali to react with the fats or oils in a process called saponification. The amount of alkali used determines the soap’s hardness and other characteristics.

Water: Water is used as a solvent and to facilitate the saponification reaction.

Additives: Depending on the desired properties, various additives can be included, such as fragrance, colorants, exfoliants, and moisturizers. These are typically added after saponification.

Equipment:

Safety Gear: Wear appropriate safety gear, including goggles and gloves, when working with caustic alkali like sodium hydroxide.

Containers: You’ll need containers for mixing and measuring ingredients.

Heat Source: A heat source is necessary to melt fats or oils and maintain a controlled temperature during the process.

Stirring Tools: Utensils for stirring and mixing.

Molds: Molds are used to shape and solidify the soap.

Soap Making Process:

Safety Precautions: Always follow safety precautions when handling alkali. Work in a well-ventilated area, wear appropriate protective gear, and keep vinegar nearby to neutralize any spills.

Measure Ingredients: Measure out the required amount of fats or oils and alkali according to your soap recipe.

Mixing: Heat the fats or oils to a liquid state and add the alkali solution to them. Stir thoroughly until the mixture reaches trace, which is a stage where the mixture thickens and begins to look like a thin custard.

Additives: At this point, you can add fragrance, colorants, or other additives. Stir them in evenly.

Pour into Molds: Pour the soap mixture into molds to cool and harden. The molds can be various shapes and sizes.

Curing: Allow the soap to cure for several weeks. During this time, the remaining alkali continues to react with the fats or oils, and the soap hardens.

Cut and Package: Once the soap has cured, it can be removed from the molds, cut into bars, and packaged for use or sale.

It’s important to note that making soap requires careful measurements and handling of caustic chemicals. It’s recommended to follow a specific soap recipe and safety guidelines, especially if you’re new to soap making. Additionally, there are various methods and techniques for making soap, including hot process and cold process methods, each with its own variations and intricacies.