Internet Of Things

ABSTRACT

The Internet of things refers to a type of network to connect anything with the  Internet  based  on  stipulated  protocols through information sensing equipments to  conduct  information exchange  and  communications  in  order  to  achieve  smart recognitions, positioning, tracing, monitoring,  and administration. In this paper we briefly discussed about what IOT  is, how IOT enables different technologies, about its architecture, characteristics and applications, IOT functional view and what are the future challenges for IOT.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
• DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF INTERNET OF THINGS
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER THREE

3.1      IOT ARCHITECTURE

3.2      ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT

3.3      CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

3.4      AREA OF APPLICATION

3.5      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

• IOT FUNCTIONAL VIEW
• FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR IOT
• INTEROPERABILITY IN THE IOT
• FUTURE CHALLANGES FOR IOT

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The IOT concept was coined by a member of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) development community in 1999, and it has recently become more relevant to the practical world largely because of the growth of mobile devices, embedded and ubiquitous communication, cloud computing and data analytics.[12]

Imagine a world where billions of objects can sense, communicate and share information, all interconnected over public or private Internet Protocol (IP) networks. These interconnected objects have data regularly collected, analyzed and used to initiate action, providing a wealth of intelligence for planning, management and decision making. This is the world of the Internet of Things (IOT). [12]

Internet of things common definition is defining as: Internet of things (IOT) is a network of physical objects. The internet is not only a network of computers, but it has evolved into a network of device of all type and sizes , vehicles, smart  phones, home appliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, animals, people, buildings, all connected ,all communicating and sharing information based on stipulated protocols in order to achieve smart reorganizations, positioning, tracing, safe, control and even personal real time online monitoring , online upgrade, process control and administration[1,2].

We define IOT into three categories as below:

Internet of things is an internet of three things: (1). People to people, (2) People to machine /things, (3) Things /machine to things /machine, Interacting through internet.

Internet of Things Vision: Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive presence in the environment of a variety of things/objects that through wireless and wired connections and unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with other things/objects to create new applications/services and reach common goals. In this context the research and development challenges to create a smart world are enormous. A world where the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart environments that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent. [1, 2]

Internet of Things is refer to the general idea of things, especially everyday objects, that are readable, recognisable, locatable, addressable through information sensing device and/or controllable via the Internet, irrespective of the communication means (whether via RFID, wireless LAN, wide area networks, or other means). Everyday objects include not only the electronic devices we encounter or the products of higher technological development such as vehicles and equipment but things that we do not ordinarily think of as electronic at all – such as food , clothing ,chair, animal, tree, water etc. [1,2]

Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects make themselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making or enabling context related decisions thanks to the fact that they can communicate information about themselves. They can access information that has been aggregated by other things, or they can be components of complex services. This transformation is concomitant with the emergence of cloud computing capabilities and the transition of the Internet towards IPv6 with an almost unlimited addressing capacity. [1, 2]

The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service.

1.2                                                     AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to understand the meaning of internet of thing, its applications to the present technology, and its relates terms

1.3                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

At the end of the study, student involved shall be able to discussed about:

1. what IOT  is,
2. how IOT enables different technologies,

• its architecture, characteristics and applications,

1. IOT functional view and what are the future challenges for IOT

1.4                                                PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of carrying out this study is to learn and understand the entire relevant thing about Internet of Things (IoT).

1.5                                        ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET OF THINGS

Here are some advantages of IoT:

Communication: IoT encourages the communication between devices, also famously known as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Because of this, the physical devices are able to stay connected and hence the total transparency is available with lesser inefficiencies and greater quality.

Automation and Control: Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled digitally and centrally with wireless infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and control in the workings. Without human intervention, the machines are able to communicate with each other leading to faster and timely output.

Information: It is obvious that having more information helps making better decisions. Whether it is mundane decisions as needing to know what to buy at the grocery store or if your company has enough widgets and supplies, knowledge is power and more knowledge is better.

Monitor: The second most obvious advantage of IoT is monitoring. Knowing the exact quantity of supplies or the air quality in your home, can further provide more information that could not have previously been collected easily. For instance, knowing that you are low on milk or printer ink could save you another trip to the store in the near future. Furthermore, monitoring the expiration of products can and will improve safety.

Time: As hinted in the previous examples, the amount of time saved because of IoT could be quite large. And in today’s modern life, we all could use more time.

Money: The biggest advantage of IoT is saving money. If the price of the tagging and monitoring equipment is less than the amount of money saved, then the Internet of Things will be very widely adopted. IoT fundamentally proves to be very helpful to people in their daily routines by making the appliances communicate to each other in an effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy and cost. Allowing the data to be communicated and shared between devices and then translating it into our required way, it makes our systems efficient.

Automation of daily tasks leads to better monitoring of devices: The IoT allows you to automate and control the tasks that are done on a daily basis, avoiding human intervention. Machine-to-machine communication helps to maintain transparency in the processes. It also leads to uniformity in the tasks. It can also maintain the quality of service. We can also take necessary action in case of emergencies.

Efficient and Saves Time: The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate results can be obtained fast. This results in saving valuable time. Instead of repeating the same tasks every day, it enables people to do other creative jobs.

Saves Money: Optimum utilization of energy and resources can be achieved by adopting this technology and keeping the devices under surveillance. We can be alerted in case of possible bottlenecks, breakdowns, and damages to the system. Hence, we can save money by using this technology.

Better Quality of Life: All the applications of this technology culminate in increased comfort, convenience, and better management, thereby improving the quality of life.

1.6                                 DISADVANTAGES INTERNET OF THINGS

Here are some disadvantages of IoT:

Compatibility: Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for the tagging and monitoring equipment. The manufacturing companies of these equipment just need to agree to a standard, such as Bluetooth, USB, etc. This is nothing new or innovative needed.

Complexity: As with all complex systems, there are more opportunities of failure. With the Internet of Things, failures could sky rocket. For instance, let’s say that both you and your spouse each get a message saying that your milk has expired, and both of you stop at a store on your way home, and you both purchase milk. As a result, you and your spouse have purchased twice the amount that you both need. Or maybe a bug in the software ends up automatically ordering a new ink cartridge for your printer each and every hour for a few days, or at least after each power failure, when you only need a single replacement.

Privacy/Security: With all of this IoT data being transmitted, the risk of losing privacy increases. For instance, how well encrypted will the data be kept and transmitted with? Do you want your neighbors or employers to know what medications that you are taking or your financial situation?

Safety: Imagine if a notorious hacker changes your prescription. Or if a store automatically ships you an equivalent product that you are allergic to, or a flavor that you do not like, or a product that is already expired. As a result, safety is ultimately in the hands of the consumer to verify any and all automation. As all the household appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and transport, and many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is available on it. This information is prone to attack by hackers. It would be very disastrous if private and confidential information is accessed by unauthorized intruders.

Compatibility: As devices from different manufacturers will be interconnected, the issue of compatibility in tagging and monitoring crops up. Although this disadvantage may drop off if all the manufacturers agree to a common standard, even after that, technical issues will persist. Today, we have Bluetooth-enabled devices and compatibility problems exist even in this technology! Compatibility issues may result in people buying appliances from a certain manufacturer, leading to its monopoly in the market.

Complexity: The IoT is a diverse and complex network. Any failure or bugs in the software or hardware will have serious consequences. Even power failure can cause a lot of inconvenience.

Lesser Employment of Menial Staff: The unskilled workers and helpers may end up losing their jobs in the effect of automation of daily activities. This can lead to unemployment issues in the society. This is a problem with the advent of any technology and can be overcome with education. With daily activities getting automated, naturally, there will be fewer requirements of human resources, primarily, workers and less educated staff. This may create Unemployment issue in the society.

1.7                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the Internet. It makes Objects themselves recognizable, obtain intelligence, communicate information about themselves and they can access information that has been aggregated by other things. The Internet of Things allows people and things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and Anyone, ideally using Any path/network and Any service.

1.8                                            APPLICATION OF THE STUDY

This study is not only useful to students, it can also be useful to:

1. Fabricators
2. Manufacturers

• Marketers, etc.

1.9                                             LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This work only study relevant titles and subtitle that can be useful to student. Beside there are other areas of the internet of things that we did not discussed because of their irrelevancy to students involves.