Phytochemical And Antimalarial Properties Of Mangifera Indica

ABSTRACT

The menace of current cases of parasite resistance to anti-malarial drugs, non- availability and accessibility, and the high costs of pharmaceutical products contribute to the high rate of medicinal plants consumption in the treatment of malaria in Nigeria. Different ethnobotanical surveys on medicinal plants with anti-malarial properties have been conducted across different geographical regions in Nigeria in order to identify and select the most commonly used antimalarial plants as candidates in the proposed national herbal pharmacopoeia. The medicinal plants used against malaria in the western, central, eastern and northern geographical regions in Nigeria was discovered to be mangifera indica. Mangifera indica was discovered with 80% appearance each across the 4 regions and was therefore ranked as the most used for treatment of malaria in Nigeria. This research was aimed to determine phytochemical composition and anti-malarial activity of leaves extracts of Mangifera indica. Powdered leaves of Mangifera indica were extracted with water, ethanol and chloroform solvents via percolation method. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Paratyphi B using agarwell diffusion method. The extracts were further subjected to phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Results of the sensitivity test showed that highest zone of inhibition was observed in ethanolic extract with 13mm for S. Paratyphi A, 11mm for S. Paratyphi B, and 10mm for S. Typhi, followed by aqueous extract with 11mm for S. Paratyphi B and 10mm for S. Typhi. S. Paratyphi A, was resistant to both aqueous and chloroform extract of M. indica while S. Paratyphi B was only resistant to chloroform extract. Results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and phenols.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF THE STUDY
• OVERVIEW OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)
• PLANT DESCRIPTION
• ETHNOMEDICINAL USE OF MANGO
• NUTRIENT AND PHYTOCHEMICALS OF MANGO
• PHARMACOLOGICAL USE OF MANGO

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

• COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT MATERIALS
• EXTRACTION
• PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

CHAPTER FOUR

• RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                               BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Malaria remains one of the major health challenges in developing countries despite the efforts of different organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO), West African Health Organization (WAHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the African Union’s Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (AU/STRC) among others to control and eradicate it (WHO, 2018).

It was reported that 219 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide in 2017 and 92% of these cases were from African region with 435,000 mortalities. The setback to malaria fight has been attributed to non- availability of effective vaccine, resistance to pyrethroid- treated mosquito nets, high costs of anti-malarial drugs and the recent widespread chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (WHO, 2018).

In malaria chemotherapy, medicinal plants have always played a leading role in drug discovery and such drugs are used in natural form or synthesized or act as structural models for semi-synthetic anti-malarial drugs. Quinine was first time isolated from Cinchona bark against malaria in the early 18^th century and became a skeleton from which chloroquine (resochin), mefloquine and other similar antimalarial drugs were later synthesized (Achan et al., 2011).

Historically (from Cinchona to Artemisia), the plant kingdom remains the source for antimalarial drug discovery. Similar history has shown many current therapeutic drugs (e.g. digoxin, reserpine, morphine, etc.), at conventional health care levels for the management of other diseases from medicinal plants. According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the world’s population depends on traditional medicine and 80% of the people in developing countries depend entirely on traditional medicine practices due to their accessibility, folklore and affordability for their primary health care needs (Chikezie and Ojiako, 2015).

The high acceptability of medicinal plants therefore requires the needs for their national standards which guarantee the consistence, definite identification, reproducible safety, efficacy and qualities as a valuable scientific reference for drug authorities, manufacturers, general public and researchers (WHO, 2011). These plants are normally selected based on their frequent used across the country.

Mango (Mangifera indica)‘king of fruit’ belongs to use pharmacological potential as panacea. Mangifera indica leaves are used for the treatments of various ailments in folklore medicine. Mango extracts from leaves, fruit, seed kernel, fruit pulp, roots, bark and stem bark have been used extensively for medicinal purposes in many countries⁵. The ethnomedical use of mango stem bark aqueous extract in Cuba has been documented widely⁵.   It has been extensively used in cancer, diabetes, asthma, infertility, lupus, prostatisis, prostatic hyperplasia, gastric disorders, arthralgies, mouth sores and tooth pain.

This research was aimed to determine phytochemical composition and antimalarial activity of extracts of Mangifera indica.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

Clinical drug are said to be traceable to the major cause of some chronic disease in most cases when it is wrongly taken and it is also costly. Because of these problems there is an urgent need to substantiate scientifically the roles of contemporary and native medicinal practices. This exercise will open up a new class of drugs which could be cheap, easily affordable, and with less or no side effects. mangifera indica is known to a wonder herbal plant and most of its parts are used to cure various ailments such as malarial.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this research was to determine the phytochemical composition of the leaves extract of M. indica used as traditional medicine and treatment of malarial.

1.4                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study has exposed us to the used us to different use of mango leave most especially in treatment of malarial. From this study i shall be exposed to reasons while herbal medicines are chose over clinical drugs.

1.5                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study analyses the phytochemical and anti-malarial properties of mangifera indica. From the study, extracts were further subjected to phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phenols and that mangifera indica is a good anti-malarial herb.

1.6                                                         PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.