Design And Construction Of An Occupancy Detection System

ABSTRACT

Passive infrared sensors have widespread use in many applications, including motion detectors for alarms, lighting systems and hand dryers. Interfacing of PIR sensors have also been used to detect the presence of humans in a room. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of the PIR sensor as a tool for occupancy detection inside of a monitored environment. The approach allows us to understand and make use of the motion patterns generated by people within the monitored environment.

The proposed detecting system uses information about those patterns to provide an accurate estimate of room occupancy which can be indicated with a light or alarm.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
• REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
• CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY
• TYPES OF OCCUPANCY SENSOR
• OCCUPANCY DETECTION TECHNIQUES
• PROS AND CONS OF SYSTEM TECHNIQUES REVIEWED

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN

• INTRODUCTION
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• SYSTEM CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
• OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM
• CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

• RESULT ANALYSIS
• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Buildings use approximately 40% of global energy and are responsible for almost a third of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. They also utilize about 60% of the world’s electricity. In the last decade, stringent building regulations have led to significant improvements in the quality of the thermal characteristics of many building envelopes. However, similar considerations have not been paid to the number and activities of occupants in a building, which play an increasingly important role in energy consumption, optimization processes, and indoor air quality. More than 50% of the energy consumption could be saved in Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) if accurate information about the number of occupants is readily available (Mysen et al., 2005). But due to privacy concerns, designing a precise occupancy sensing system is a highly challenging task. While several studies count the number of occupants in rooms for the optimisation of energy consumption, insufficient information is available on the comparison, analysis and pros and cons of these occupancy estimation techniques.

Primary energy is a form of energy which has not been subjected to any transformation such as crude oil, natural gas, solar energy and wind energy (Øvergaard, 2018). Globally, primary energy consumption is expected to increase at a rate of 1.4% per year (B.E.D, 2010) and as a result, the compound amount of increase for the next 20 years is about 32%. In many International Energy Agency (IEA) member countries, buildings (residential and non-residential) account for about 40% of primary energy consumption – residential (28%); non-residential (12%) (B.E.D, 2010). For example, buildings in the United States (US) consumed 41% of primary energy, 44% more than transportation and 36% more than industrial sectors (Erickson et al., 2011). Hence even small percentage reductions in energy consumption in buildings will have a significant global impact.

Incorporating better energy consumption practices especially in new construction can contribute towards sustainable energy. However, existing buildings are considered to be very crucial as it can quickly provide the opportunities to improve efficiency over the next several decades. Replacement of old equipment and ageing infrastructure of resources can offer possibilities for energy saving. Through retrofit and other measures, low cost and efficient approaches are possible for reducing energy consumption in buildings. There are three principal approaches to reducing energy consumption in buildings:

• Construction with more energy efficient materials
• The deployment of more energy efficient systems that are situated in the building
• Adjustments to indoor conditions in proportion to the number of people in a building and their behaviour.

This work is concerned with the latter and provides a review of measures used to count the number of people in non-residential buildings.

The term indoor conditions is often used to summarize a basket of building properties such as temperature, carbon dioxide, and humidity levels. These properties can be modified by human beings, actively through controlling some devices, e.g. opening and closing doors, turning computers, fans and lights on/off, or passively, e.g. by breathing and metabolism process. So the number of people in a building and their behaviour significantly affect the values of these properties (Kim et al., 2015). The term “comfortable” indoor conditions are often used to describe a set of values for each of the properties. Typical recommended temperature ranges are between 23 °C to 26 °C and 20 °C to 24 °C for summer and winter, respectively (Kim et al., 2015).

This work is on the construction of an occupancy detecting system which provide occupancy monitoring solution by detecting when one is in a room or not through a light or alarm indication.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

Without opening the door to a room, it is a difficult task to detect when someone is in a room. There is therefore, the need for seat occupancy monitoring system to provide readily accessible occupancy information of a room. This work presents the design and implementation of a low cost occupancy detection which is capable of monitoring occupancy in room efficiently. Occupancy sensors, which can automatically turn lights on when you enter a room and off when you leave, are a smart and easy way to save energy in commercial applications

1.3                                    AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the study is to build a low cost PIR based occupancy detection system for room.  The objectives of the study are:

1. To build the system prototype
2. To detect the occupancy of indoor environment from the view of saving energy.

• To help control the density of people in room to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

1.4                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The system used the indoor environmental data collected by sensor array. Finally, a real-time occupancy detection system based on the sensor array was proposed. The system used the indoor environmental data collected by the sensor array. The proposed system detects the real-time occupied situation in the indoor environment.

1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Working on this topic shall serve as a means of becoming familiar with a PIR sensor. It will also serve as a means of increasing security in our environment.

1.6                                           APPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY

This device can be used as an indoor motion detecting device used to detect the presence of a person to automatically control lights or temperature or ventilation systems. The sensors use infrared, ultrasonic, microwave, or other technology. The term encompasses devices as different as PIR sensors, hotel room keycard locks and smart meters. Occupancy sensors are typically used to save energy, provide automatic control, and comply with building codes (Kampezidou et al., 2021).

1.7                                                        METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design of the system was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construct of the system circuit.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.8                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of the study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.