Design And Construction Of A 12-Volts Battery Charger

A battery charger is an electrical device employed for charging batteries. These batteries that are usually charged by battery charger are storage batteries also known as “accumulator” the battery charger changes. The alternating current forms the power line into d.c suitable for charging.

When the battery is fully charged up to its maximum 13.6 volt, the charger will automatically stop changing with the help of the transistor and the zener diode when bend the current back to the system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRCT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     REVIEW OF BATTERY CHARGER

2.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BATTERY CHARGER

2.3     REVIEW OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

2.4     REVIEW OF CHARGER UNITS

2.4.1 SUPPLY UNIT

2.4.2 THE RECTIFYING UNIT

2.4.3 THE SMOOTHING UNIT

2.4.4 THE REGULATOR AND REGULATED

2.4.5 D.C CHARGING UNIT

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1     BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2     CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3     CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.4     SYSTEM OPERATION

3.5     DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1     CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2     CASING AND PACKAGING

4.3     ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.4     TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATIONOBSERVATIONS

4.6     DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ON THE SYSTEM

4.7     COST OF PRODUCTION

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMAMRY
• CONCLUSIONS/SUGGESTIONS

5.3     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                     INTRODUCTION

1.1                                     BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

A battery charger is an electrical device employed in charging batteries that are usually charged by battery charges are the storage batteries also known as “accumulators” [Xie, Z.; Liu, Q.; Chang, Z.; Zhang, X. 2013].

A Battery charger comes in various designs and voltage. The choice of a particular and of charger that depends largely int eh size of battery or battery or batteries which on mterds to charge the mini battery changer could be used to charge batteries whose voltage ranges from 6 – 12 volts. The bigger battery changes are for batteries with voltage ranging from 12 – 48 volts. These are the heavy duty batteries (Sequeira, C.A.C, 2011).

The battery charge is built in such a way that it delivers a constant value of d.c current into the battery it is charging in the opposite direction from which current flows on the batteries during discharge one cannot successfully design a battery charge without a fundamental understanding of the accumulator because it also makes up the operation according to [Xie, Z.; Liu, Q.; Chang, Z.; Zhang, X. 2013].

The aim of this work is to build a charger that will automatically shut off the charging process when battery attains full charge. This prevents the deep charge of the battery. If the battery voltage is below the 12V, then circuit automatically charges the battery.

1.2                                             PROBLEM STATEMENT

Sometimes there is nothing worse than losing all the charges on device such as inverter, especially when you are in the middle of something very important. Usually this happens at the most inconvenient time probably when you are using your inverter to surf the web, in the middle of a browsing or when you are desperate to send an important email or text message. A battery charger was introduced which is a portable device that can supply power our device.

1.3                                        OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of the project is to design a device that will recharge 12v lead acid battery when discharged. The device has the ability to indicate charging process, low battery and fully charge levels through LED indicators.

1.4                                      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This device charges 12v acid battery mainly, however, if the output voltages are adjusted can be used to charge battery of lower or higher voltages.

Apart from charging batteries, this device can also be used as a battery level monitor due to the battery level feature it contains [Xie, Z.; Liu, Q.; Chang, Z.; Zhang, X. 2013].

1.5                                       APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Battery charger is used in the following devices for the purpose of recharging device batteries according to (Sequeira, C.A.C, 2011):

1. It is used in inverter
2. It is used in cellphone
3. It is used in Solar energy system
4. It is used in vehicles
5. It is used in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), etc.

1.6                                        LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

The only problem with this device is that it takes longer time to recharge car battery because of the low current output, and it is design only for a 12 battery.

1.7                            ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC CHARGER

Features of this automatic battery charger made it more advantageous than other types and they are as below (Sequeira, C.A.C, 2011):

• Automatic battery charger has an indicator to indicate when the battery is fully charged
• Built in Indications for showing Full, Empty Levels of any type of battery
• It has a manually operated switch that is used to ON and OFF the entire system.
• It composes of in-built active components which stop charging process when the battery is fully charged.
• It consumed less current but generate high current to the load.

1.8                       PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a 12v battery charger. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a 12v battery charger were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a 12v battery charger. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.