Design And Construction Of A Fire Alarm Panel

ABSTRACT

The fire alarm panel is the central element of any fire alarm system. All devices  are connected to the fire panel, which typically provides power to them and information is relayed back and forth to determine whether there is a fire and if so activate an appropriate warning. This device receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated sensor, control, transmitter, or relay.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRCT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

2.2      REVIEW OF SMOKE DETECTOR

2.3      REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIRE ALARM PANEL

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY

3.1      WIRING DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2      DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

3.3      GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PLACING FIRE ALARM PANEL

3.4      MAINTENANCE AND TESTING

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2      CASING AND PACKAGING

4.3      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.4      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.5       COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSIONS

5.2     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

Fire is the result of a chemical combustion reaction, typically a reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort of fuel. For the combustion reaction to take place, the fuel has to be heated to its ignition temperature.

Fire extinguishers are designed to remove at least one of these elements thus fire will die out. A fire extinguisher is absolute necessary equipment in any home or office. While there’s a good chance that the extinguisher will sit on the wall for years, collecting dust, it could end up saving our property and even our life.

In modern society, it is impossible to imagine house or building without a fire accident detector. Modern houses require a continuous installation of fire detector. Not only industry, but also in the household. Take the case of a duplex that experience a fire accident without a detector that means everything in that building will get burnt even human beings. But in a case whereby fire emergency alarm is installed that means everyone in that building will be alerted and also fire security bodies will also be informed for quick security action.

This work focuses on fire alarm panel. A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) is the controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated sensor, control, transmitter, or relay.

1.1                                          OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to construct a device that will receive information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire.

1.3                                           PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Fire is one of the most costly causes of damage and loss of life in a facility. Fire alarm system supervises the facility for smoke and heat in the installed environment. The purpose of this work is to design a device that will receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire

1.4                                       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The primary advantage of a fire alarm panel is increased reliability and the ability to place alarms and bells exactly where needed. However, the reason most people have them is that they wanted a burglar alarm system and the cost of adding fire alarm features to a residential burglary system is relatively small.

Another advantage is that they are the only way to obtain remote monitoring services. This becomes important in cases where family members may not be capable of escaping from a fire without assistance. For example, if you have an older or physically impaired person in your home and a fire started when no one was home to assist that person, alarms alone might not be enough to assure their safety.

A feature of most monitoring services is the ability to keep special information on the residence which comes up on the computer screen whenever an alarm is received from that home. Thus, if there is a disabled person in the home who needs special assistance this fact will be known to the operator and can be passed along to the fire department when they are called.

1.5                                              SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The fire alarm control panel is capable of communicating with a single address or a group of addresses depending on the functions required. The communication is often multiplexed over a common cable, sometimes referred to as the signaling line circuit (SLC). This arrangement significantly reduces the amount of cabling necessary to install the system. The communication channel allows two-way communication, thus enabling the fire alarm control panel to control as well as monitor fire alarm devices.

A significant component of addressable fire alarm system is the software programming necessary to make the system function correctly. The programming allows for flexible applications where you want to have specific control over the inputs and outputs.

The communication technologies employed in addressable systems allow for advanced features to accommodate sensitivity changes due to age and accumulation of dust prior to maintenance. These features are not available with the standard conventional system.

1.6                                         LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

The amount of “smoke” present may be insufficient to alarm smoke panel. Smoke alarm panel are designed to alarm at various levels of smoke density. If such density levels are not created by a developing fire at the location of detectors, the detectors will not go into alarm.

• Smoke detectors, even when working properly, have sensing limitations. Detectors that have photo-electronic sensing chambers tend to detect smoldering fires better than flaming fires, which have little visible smoke. Detectors that have ionizing-type sensing chambers tend to detect fast flaming fires better than smoldering fires. Because fires develop in different ways and are often unpredictable in their growth, neither type of detector is necessarily best nor a given type of detector may not provide adequate warning of a fire.
• Smoke detectors are subject to false alarms and nuisance alarms. For example, a smoke detector located in or near a kitchen may go into nuisance alarm during normal operation of kitchen appliances.

In addition, dusty or steamy environments may cause a smoke detector panel to falsely alarm. If the location of a smoke detector causes an abundance of false alarms or nuisance alarms, do not disconnect the smoke alarm panel ; call a professional to analyze the situation and recommend a solution.

• Smoke detector panel cannot be expected to provide adequate warning of fires caused by arson, children playing with matches (especially within bedrooms), smoking in bed, violent explosions (caused by escaping gas, improper storage of flammable materials, etc.
• System components will not work without electrical power. If system batteries are not serviced or

Replaced regularly, they may not provide battery backup when AC power fails.

• Environments with high air velocity or that are dusty or dirty require more frequent maintenance.

• In general, fire alarm panel and devices will not work without power and will not function properly unless they are maintained and tested regularly.
• The most common cause of an alarm panel not functioning when fire occurs is inadequate maintenance.  As such, the alarm system should be tested weekly to make sure all sensors, transmitters, and notification devices are working properly.

1.7                                       APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

There are a number of critical issues that are solved with fire alarm panel.
When designing a fire alarm panel, the most important issue is fast detection, notification, and evacuation.

Smoke alarm panels are used in hallways, business offices, break rooms, and restrooms. They are also used in dusty areas like warehouses, attics, basements, or in shop environments.

1.8                                     PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a fire alarm panel. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a fire alarm panel were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a fire alarm. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.