Design And Construction Of A Single Stage Amplifier

ABSTRACT

An amplifier is an electronic device that amplifies the weak signal or increases the strength of a weak signal. It can either be a separate piece of equipment or an electrical circuit contained within another device. Today, every device or circuit, be it analog or digital requires signal amplification at one level or the other during their functioning. Considering the most basic amplifiers i.e. single-stage amplifiers which are the basic building block of all the amplifiers, be it a multi-stage amplifier or a differential amplifier. When in an amplifier circuit only one transistor is used for amplifying a weak signal, the circuit is known as single stage amplifier. The main aim of this study is to build such an amplifier.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRCT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     OVERVIEW OF BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

2.2     AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS

2.4   TYPES OF BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

2.5     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR

2.5   THEORY AND MODELING

CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.2      COMPONENTS USED

3.3      CRICUIT OPERATION AND DESCRIPTION

3.4      DESCRPTION OF COMPONENT USED

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING

4.3 ASSEMBLING SECTION

4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.5   INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN

4.6 RESULT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION

An amplifier is an electronic device which is used to increase or improve the strength of a weak signal without altering the basic characteristics of the signal [1]. The block diagram of an amplifier circuit with an input and an output is shown in figure 1 (in chapter three). Here, at input end of the amplifier a weak signal is fed and a strong or amplified signal is received at output end. During this whole process of amplification, amplifier circuit utilizes the electric power from power supply for amplifying the signal. Amplifiers can be classified on several basis but considering here the classification based on the number of stages it can be classified into two broad categories: single-stage amplifiers and differential amplifiers. Single-stage amplifiers can further classified into three basic topologies namely common source (CS), common gate (CG), common drain (CD).

In this work, single stage amplifier was designed with 2N2222A transitor using Common Emitter (CE) configuration.

1.2                                   AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this work is to design an amplifier using a single bipolar transistor in a common emitter (ce) configuration.

At the end of this work, the student involved will be able to:

1. Understand the operation of bipolar junction transistor.
2. Know the pin-out and pin functions of the bipolar junction transistor
3. Design an amplifier circuit.

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The following are the advantages of single stage amplifier:

1. The single stage RC coupled CE amplifier is most convenient and least expensive amplifier.
2. It provides high audio fidelity.

• It has low amplitude distortion.

1. It provides low frequency distortion.
2. It has wide frequency response and large bandwidth.

1.4                           PROBLEMS AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

However, the following are some of the problems of the project-

• It has a very complex base control. Hence, it may lead to confusion and hence, requires skilful handling.
• The switching time is not very fast compared to the high alternating frequency of voltage and current source.
• The voltage gain reduces at low as well as high frequencies.
• It provides poor impedance matching and hence it cannot be used as a final stage of an amplifier.
• It has a tendency to become noisy with age especially in moist climate.
  • PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to amplify a weak signal using a transistor only.

1.6                                                        APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

1. The single stage RC coupled CE amplifier is commonly used as a voltages amplifier.
2. It is used in the initial stages of PA (public address) amplifier systems.

• It is used in stereo amplifier.

1. It is used in radio and television receivers.
2. It is used in tape recorder, CD players, VCRs, DVD players, etc.

1.7                                    RESEARCH QUESTION

What is the use of single stage amplifier?

What is single stage CE amplifier?

What is the purpose of single stage amplifier?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of single stage amplifiers?

What is the difference between single stage and multistage amplifier?

What is the function of an amplifier?

1.8                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of the study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.