Design And Construction Of A Two Feet Electronics Florescent Lamp

ABSTRACT

A fluorescent lamp is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the bulb to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The luminous efficacy of a fluorescent light bulb can exceed 100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of an incandescent bulb with comparable light output.

A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas containing low pressure mercury vapor and argon, xenon, neon, or krypton. The pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.^[18] The inner surface of the lamp is coated with a fluorescent (and often slightly phosphorescent) coating made of varying blends of metallic and rare-earth phosphor salts. The lamp’s electrodes are typically made of coiled tungsten and usually referred to as cathodes because of their prime function of emitting electrons. For this, they are coated with a mixture of barium, strontium and calcium oxides chosen to have a low thermionic emission temperature

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRCT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• ADVANTAGE OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

2.2     REVIEW OF LAMP SIZES AND DESIGNATIONS

2.3     REVIEW OF OTHER FLUORESCENT LAMPS

2.4    REVIEW OF CONVENTIONAL LAMP BALLAST

2.5    OVERVIEW OF AN ELECTRONIC BALLASTS

CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1      SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

3.2      SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE

3.3      FLUORESCENT LAMP BASICS

3.4      SAFELY WORKING WITH FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND FIXTURES

3.5      FLUORESCENT FIXTURES

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2  CASING AND PACKAGING

4.3  ASSEMBLING SECTION

4.4  TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.5   HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES

4.5    TROUBLESHOOTING OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND FIXTURES

4.6  CAUSES OF SHORT LAMP LIFE

4.7  REPLACING FLUORESCENT LAMP OR FIXTURE COMPONENTS

4.8  FLUORESCENT LAMP VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSIONS AND REFERENCES

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The luminous efficacy of a fluorescent light bulb can exceed 100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of an incandescent bulb with comparable light output.

In ancient time, much of the indoor work done by human depended up daylight

Of sun being available, which was created by God as the first thing. Today almost all building has electric lighting installed and all indoor and out of door work can be done at any time of the day or night.

Good lightering provides safety, efficient work and comfortable surrounding lighting scheme are designed using different types of light fitting or luminous in modern term to control the distribution of light.

Due to the importance of lighting, the introduction a two feet electronic fluorescent lamp came out, which shall be able to supply light energy at any particular time of the day or night as the need may be.

The fact that our present electric power supply has been characterized by constant low power output, the two feet electronic fluorescent lamp found its greater advantage in many place such as surgical room, school library and industrial system where clear vision is needed for safety purpose. The present high demand for electronic fluorescent lamp becomes one of major sources of foreign exchange earning for this country (Nigeria).

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Fluorescence of certain rocks and other substances had been observed for hundreds of years before its nature was understood. By the middle of the 19th century, experimenters had observed a radiant glow emanating from partially evacuated glass vessels through which an electric current passed. One of the first to explain it was the Irish scientist Sir George Stokes from the University of Cambridge, who named the phenomenon “fluorescence” after fluorite, a mineral many of whose samples glow strongly due to impurities. The explanation relied on the nature of electricity and light phenomena as developed by the British scientists Michael Faraday in the 1840s and James Clerk Maxwell in the 1860s.

Little more was done with this phenomenon until 1856 when German glassblower Heinrich Geissler created a mercury vacuum pump that evacuated a glass tube to an extent not previously possible. Geissler invented the first gas-discharge lamp, the Geissler tube, consisting of a partially evacuated glass tube with a metal electrode at either end. When a high voltage was applied between the electrodes, the inside of the tube lit up with a glow discharge. By putting different chemicals inside, the tubes could be made to produce a variety of colors, and elaborate Geissler tubes were sold for entertainment. More important, however, was its contribution to scientific research. One of the first scientists to experiment with a Geissler tube was Julius Plücker who systematically described in 1858 the luminescent effects that occurred in a Geissler tube. He also made the important observation that the glow in the tube shifted position when in proximity to an electromagnetic field. Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observed in 1859 that certain substances gave off light when they were placed in a Geissler tube. He went on to apply thin coatings of luminescent materials to the surfaces of these tubes. Fluorescence occurred, but the tubes were very inefficient and had a short operating life.

1.2                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

The major aim of the project is to construct a two feet electronics fluorescent lamp.

1.3                                          THE PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Reasons for choosing to build art two feet fluorescent lamp and not any other project are:-

1. For knowledge sake
2. To help the society by production and illumination of environment

iii.        To be able to maintain repair and damaged fluorescent lamps.

1. To be able to design circuit diagram

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Fluorescent Lamps are a lamp type that is commonly used to provide illumination for settings such as commercial lighting, industrial lighting, classroom lighting, and retail lighting. The sizes, light colors, and wattage of fluorescent tubes vary significantly. The most common attribute of fluorescent lighting is that the lamps themselves are mounted within a fixture, often containing between 1-8 lamps, with the fixtures themselves mounted in, or hanging from a building’s ceiling.

1.5                                             THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of the project is the ability to do or achieve the project. The scope also includes the step, which intended in executing the project. These steps are:-

1. I make the problem clear
2. I think up ideas to the problem

iii.        I develop solutions to the problem

1. I make or model the solution
2. I see if the solution will solve the problem.

1.6                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Fluorescent light is common in lamps: both outdoor and indoor; fluorescent light is used as back light for LCD displays; decorative lighting and sings, and both in high bay and small area general lighting. Not used for lighting from afar due to the diffuse nature of the light.

1.7                                          ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

• Energy efficient- so far the best light for interior lighting
• Low production cost (of tubes, not of the ballasts)
• Long life of tubes
• Good selection of desired color temperature (cool whites to warm whites)
• Diffused light (good for general, even lighting, reducing harsh shadows)

1.8                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

This work is limited on designing and constructing of a Two Feet Electronics Fluorescent Lamp.

• The flicker of the high frequency can be imitated to humans (eye strain, headaches and migraines)
• Flicker of common fluorescent light looks poor on video, and creates an ugly greenish or yellow hue on camera.
• Diffused light (not good when you need a focused beam such as in a headlight or flashlight)
• Poorly/cheaply designed ballasts can create radio interference that disturbs other electronics
• Poorly/cheaply designed ballasts can create fires when they overheat
• There is a small amount of mercury in the tubes
• A Imitating licker at the end of the life cycle.

1.9                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of the study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.