Design And Construction Of An Automatic Led Street Light Using Electronics Ldr And Pir Sensor1

ABSTRACT

Automatic street light control system is used inmodern world for energy savings by using Light dependentResistor (LDR).Nowadays the human has not enough time,andhe/sheisunabletofindtimeeventoswitchthelightsonoroff.Thisnewsystemcanbeusedmoreeffectivelyincaseofstreet lights. In proposed system, the street lights will beswitched on just before the sun sets and are switched off thenext day morning when there is sufficient light on the road. Theproposedmodelalsousesmotionsensortocontroltheintensity of light. Huge power is consumed when most thevehiclesdon’tmoveduringthelate.ThispapershowsthattheproposedSystemisrelativelylowcost,efficiencyisbetterthantheexistingsystem.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF HISTORY OF LIGHTING
• REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED LIGHT
• HEALTH CONCERNS ABOUT LED LIGHTS
• REVIEW OF ADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTS
• DISADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTS
• REVIEW OF THE RELATEDWORK
• Review OF THE STUDY
• TYPES OF LAMPS USED FOR STREET LIGHTING
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
• SystemComponents
• DESIGNOFSYSTEMCOMPONENTS
• WorkingProcedure

CHAPTER FOUR

• DesignAnalysis
• COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours.

A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned ON or lit at a certain time every night.

Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation; we have explained a simple circuit. This device switches street lights on detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time [16].

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In 21^stcenturyitisquite impossible toavoidaccidentduringnightwithoutlights.Sostreetlightistheessential part in our busy life for safety purposes. Butthemanpowerrequiredforcontrollingthelightcutsahugecost.SointhissituationthisprojecthelpstoreducethecostofmanpowerandreducingpowerConsumption.DuringdaytimethereisnoessenceofstreetlightsotheLDRkeepsthestreetlightoff.AssoonasthelightintensityislowthentheLDRisstartedworkingandthelightisswitchedon.Motionsensorhasahugeindoorandoutdoorapplication.Verycommonapplicationofmotionsensorisactivationofautomaticdooropening.Motionsensoralsousedinsteadofconventionsensorbecauseofitsaccuracy.Motionsensoralsousedasanalarmwhenitdetectsthemotion ofapossibleintruder [15].

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

The existing street lighting control system used timer and photocell. The timer is set up to turn on the street light within 7.00 p.m. until 7.00 a.m. Meanwhile, photocell reacts based on the presence of light or electromagnetic energy. In a rainy day or when the light intensity is low, the photocell will energize the contact and automatically turn on the street lights. This system is quiteinefficientsincetheconditionofdayandnightisuncertain.Sometimesat7.00p.m.thedayisstillbrightbutthestreetlightisalreadyswitchedon.Incontrast,at 7.00 a.m. the street light is already switched off although the day is still dark. Thus, this system is quite inflexible. In order to surge the efficiency, a modern street lighting control system must be able to adapt the light level intensity to determine the optimum energy consumption level. However, power wastage will happen if there is no user or vehicles use that road especially in rural areas at midnight. This device was built to solve this problem by providing full (when an object is detected) and dim output when no output was detected. And it also has the capacity of switching ON automatically during sunset and OFF during sunrise.

1.3                                        AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to construct a street light that switches to full output light on detecting object or vehicle movement and dim level when no object vehicle is detected. It also has the capacity of switching ON during sunset and OFF during sunrise. The objectives of the work are:

1. to build a street light that is cost effective
2. to save energy

1.4                                               SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Major significance of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.

Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.

Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners.

In design of solar street light for industrial applications, ultrasonic sensors are characterized by their reliability and outstanding versatility. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to solve even the most complex tasks involving object detection or level measurement with millimetre precision, because their measuring method works reliably under almost all conditions [5].

No other measuring method can be successfully put to use on such a wide scale and in so many different applications. The devices are extremely robust, making them suitable for even the toughest conditions. The sensor surface cleans itself through vibration, and that is not the only reason why the sensor is insensitive to dirt. The physical principle—the propagation of sound—works, with a few exceptions, in practically any environment. Ultrasonic sensors have proven their reliability and endurance in virtually all industrial sectors when used in street light [5].

If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the maintenance can be reduced as the life span and durability of LEDs is higher than Neon based lights which are normally used as street lights.

As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, dim or full, huge amount of energy can be saved.

1.5                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Project deals with making a smart street light that would enable it full (100%) output on detection object (human being or vehicle) and dim (60%) output when no object is detected using PIR as the sensor [10]. The system also comes ON during sunset and OFF during sunrise, and this action is controlled by light dependent resistor. This device was built around LDR, LM 358, Diode, BC 547, Relay, Voltage regulator, Bulb, Motion sensor, Resistor, Adapter.

1.6                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-

1. Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.

Difficulty in parts gathering: I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.

1.7                                                        METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design of was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construct the circuit.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.8                                   PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.