Design And Construction Of Sensor Based Traffic Light

ABSTRACT

Traffic congestion has become a major problem nowadays. Traffic congestion especially occurs in metropolitan cities. Increased air pollution, noise pollution, accidents, delay in travel time etc are some of the problems that are faced by people living in these mega cities. Traffic jams have severely impacted the lives of citizens. The traditional traffic lights deployed in cities are not sufficient to meet the demands of an over-growing city since these traffic lights have specific pre-determined time intervals for changing from red phase to green phase. In this regard several attempts were made to automate the traffic lights based on the density of vehicles on the road. Some authors suggested the use of sensors to determine vehicle count while several others suggested the use of video cameras to capture moving vehicles and perform preprocessing on the videos to obtain vehicle count. This paper summarizes a review on the various methods that were used for the development of an intelligent traffic management system. A detailed comparison of all the methods is provided in this paper along with the pros and cons of every method.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
• OVERVIEW OF TRAFFIC LIGHTENING SYSTEM
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
• TRAFFIC CONTROLLER UNIT REVEIWED
• TYPES AND PLACEMENT OF COLOURS
• REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDY
• REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1      BASIC OF THE PROJECT

3.2      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3     MICRO CONTROLLER AT89S52 DEVELOPMENT BOARD

3.4      WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

3.5      PROGRAM CODE

3.6     POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  TESTING AND RESULTS

• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• MOUNTING PROCEDURE
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

For today’s transportation professionals, traffic management, safety and security initiatives are an increasing priority. State and local agencies are searching for solutions to improve mobility, efficiency and safety of their operations for the driving public. Current transport facility is suffering with many issues.  Accident risk management Traffic rule violation control Traffic signal management.

This project is about integration of intelligent traffic control system, for the types of collisions, congestions and traffics rules. The examples and perceptive in this project deal primarily with World computerized traffic control system and some civilized countries. Traffic light, also known as traffic signal, stop light, traffic lamp, stop and go light, robots or semaphore, are signaling  devices positioned  at road inspections, pedestrian crossing, and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.

1.1                                           BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The increase in urbanization and traffic congestion create an urgent need to operate our transportation systems with maximum efficiency. Real-time traffic signal control is an integral part of modern Urban Traffic Control Systems aimed at achieving optimal Utilization of the road network. Providing effective real time traffic signal control for a large complex traffic network is an extremely challenging distributed control problem. Signal system operation is further complicated by the recent trend that views traffic signal system as a small component of an integrated multimodal transportation System. Optimization of traffic signals and other control devices for the efficient movement of traffic on streets and highways constitutes a challenging part of the advanced traffic management system of intelligent transportation system.
Simply defined, Intelligent Transport Systems and Services is the integration of information and communications technology with transport infrastructure, vehicles and users. For a large-scale traffic management system, it may be difficult or impossible to tell whether the traffic network is flowing smoothly and assess its current state. Over the past few years, multi-agent systems have become a crucial technology for effectively exploiting the increasing availability of diverse, heterogeneous and distributed information sources. Researchers over the Years have adopted numerous techniques and used various tools to implement multi-agent systems for their problem domains. As researchers gain a better understanding of these autonomous multi-agent systems, more features are incorporated into them to enhance their performance and the enhanced systems can then be used for more complex application domains.
Intelligent software agent is an autonomous computer program, which interacts with and assists an end user in certain computer related tasks. In any agent, there is always a certain level of intelligence. The level of the Intelligence could vary from pre-determined roles and responsibilities to a learning entity. Multi-Agent System is the aggregate of agents, whose object is to decompose the large system to several small systems which communicate and coordinate with each other and can he extended easily. Agent-based simulations are models where multiple entities sense and stochastically respond to conditions in their local environments, mimicking complex large scale system behavior. The urban traffic system is a much complex system, which involved many entities and the relationship among them are Complicated.
Therefore, the most important issues for a learner agent is the assessment of the behavior and the intelligence level of the other agents. By sharing vital information, Intelligent Traffic System allows people to get more from transport networks, with greater safety and with less impact on the environment. Intelligent Traffic System helps the whole transport system to work most effectively and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System integrates users, transport systems, and vehicles through state-of-the-art information and communications technologies. Intelligent Traffic System can dramatically improve travelers’ safety, efficiency and comfort. Intelligent Traffic System helps shippers and carriers move freight to its destination reliably and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System helps the people who run transport systems provide better service to their customers. Intelligent Traffic System helps get the best value from the road and rail systems we already have. Intelligent Traffic System helps traffic flow more smoothly, reducing delays, fuel consumption, and air and noise pollution. Intelligent Traffic System helps make public transport more convenient and affordable. Intelligent Traffic System often works behind the scenes. When emergency vehicles get to a crash site more rapidly than before, Intelligent Traffic System is detecting the crash, notifying emergency services, and getting the nearest response unit rapidly to the site. Technology in a vehicle prevents skidding and helps the vehicle to stop safely; the driver may not even realize that assistance was provided, but Intelligent Traffic System is at work.

1.2                                          STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in cities and sub urban spend more of their time commuting to work, school, shopping, and social event as well as dealing with traffic light jambs and accidents. Traffic became heavy in all directions, more to and from cities as well as between sub urban locations. Sub urban business locations required huge parking lots because employees have to drive; there were few buses trains, or trolleys to carry scatter workers to their work place. The hope of reduced congestion in the sub urban had not been realized; long commutes and traffic jams could be found everywhere.

1.3                                                 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Intelligent Traffic System provides travel opportunities and additional travel choices for more people in more ways, wherever they live, work and play, regardless of age or disability. The aims of this research work are:

• To design and implement an intelligent traffic control system.
• To develop a suitable algorithm to implement the design.
• To simulate the intelligent traffic control using Visual Basic programming.

The first objective is to make each of the traffic lights or semaphores smart. That is, aware of the time of day, basic turn red, green or yellow rules, and perhaps what traffic looks like in all directions based upon locally mounted signals. In achieving these aims, the following objectives will also be followed:

• To design a simple system that is easily adaptable to the existing traffic conditions at the junction, involving a minimum of physical changes in the intersection.
• To provide the quickest possible clearance to vehicular and pedestrian traffic in all directions at a junction.
• To a design flexible artificial intelligence traffic light system that will take care of changes in the traffic density and character.
• To reduce the stress of the traffic warder.
• To reduce the occurrence of possible accident.
• To verify the efficacy of the program.

1.4                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The important of this research work are:

• It will help in reducing the occurrence of possible collision or accident and thereby improve the confidence of the driver and the pedestrian plighting through the highways.
• The project to allay the fear of time wastage at the junctions because of unevenly directions of traffic system.
• Since the system is capable of working for 24hours uninterrupted thereby assured constant availability of traffic control service hence reduce human effort and energy.

1.5                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope is the design of an intelligent traffic control system. The modern method of traffic control system is indicating each light at a particular time interval to pass a vehicle at one lane and stop vehicle on the other lane. The light is broken into three (3) categories (Red, Yellow,  and Green) to signal to lane on what to do at a particular time where the red signify STOP, yellow signify READY, and green signify MOVE. Each light is designed to turn itself on whenever it is necessary and turn off the time elapse.

This Intelligent Traffic light signalling system was designed using IR Sensors. In this system, we are working with IR sensors to know about the traffic density at traffic signals. For this purpose we will arrange IR sensors at each road in Traffic junction. These IR sensors will find out the density of the traffic density at that road. These sensors are Interfaced to Microcontroller. With the detection of traffic density from IR sensors microcontroller will control the traffic signals accordingly on basis of density of traffic.

1.6                                             LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1. Infrared sensors work only for fewer distances.
2. We have to arrange infrared sensors in accurate manner otherwise they may not detect the traffic density.

1.7                                               BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT

• Intelligent Traffic System will help all travelers get where they need to go in time. Intelligent Traffic System will provide better information on available services to travelers who cannot or choose not to drive including those who are mobility or sight-impaired.
• Intelligent Traffic System will also help make it easier to pay for transport services. The future will include a single electronic payment mechanism to pay for fuel, tolls, public transport fares, parking, and a variety of other charges that busy travelers encounter every day. Intelligent Traffic System will help convey the needs and interests of transport system customers to the people who manage the system, helping to ensure a transport system that is responsive to those needs and interests. Intelligent Traffic System will help managers of the transport system to make services safer and simultaneously available for motorists, cyclists, pedestrians, and users of public transport.
• Intelligent Traffic System will help focus the transport system on meeting the needs of all its customers. Better meeting customer needs means a renewed focus on customer service and effective operations

1.8                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS

Traffic Light: A road signal for directing vehicular traffic by means of colour lights, typically red for stop, green for go, and yellow for proceed with caution.

Intelligent Traffic System: refers to information and communication technology  that improve transport outcomes such as transport safety, transport productivity, travel reliability, informed travel choices, social equity, environmental performance and network operation resilience.

1.9                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construction of the circuit was carried out.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9                                                         PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied,  chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.