Design And Construction Of An Automatic Light And Fan Switch Control System Using Pir, Ldr And Temperature Sensor

ABSTRACT

This device is design to monitor and control electrical devices automatically using sensors.

This project proposes a system of automatic sensing any body movement object near the door. This is achieved with help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. A live body generally emits infrared energy which is sensed by the PIR sensor from a considerable distance. This sensing signal is fed to an integrated circuit to trigger a light.

The LDR triggers a relay to operate an AC light at Sunset. The lamp remains on till morning and then turns off. This eliminates the need of switching the Porch lamp daily and also helps to light the road/street. The circuit utilizes the light sensing property of LDR to activate the circuit.

While LM35 is the temperature sensor the senses the temperature of a room then controls the speed of a fan. Since our weather conditions are widely varied, temperature up and downs are common in our country. When the temperature is less than 20 ⁰C fan is not required, there by a facility is provided in the system that the fan will be switched off automatically at less than 20 ⁰C. The system is programmed to run the fan at its maximum speed at 40 ⁰C. Therefore the fan speed varies linearly between 20 ⁰C to 40 ⁰C.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF PIR SENSORS AND ITS APPLICATION
• THE ROLE OF SENSORS IN YOUR HOME SECURITY
• TYPES OF MOTION SENSORS
• OTHER MOTION SENSOR FEATURES
• REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDY
• OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LIGHTING
• REVIEW OF DARK AND LIGHT SENSOR
• LDR STRUCTURE AND WORKING
• REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLERS AND THEIR WORKING PRINCIPLE
• DEFINITION OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR
• TYPES OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
• CONSTITUENT S UB MODUL ES
• SYSTEM OPERATION
• SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CHAPTER FOUR

TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS

• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

This work is on design and construction of a automatic light and fan switch using PIR, LDR and temperature sensor. The need for having home protection has always been there. But in the recent times, considering a dramatic rise in petty crimes like robbery and theft, the need has been more strongly felt to have a fool proof protection of the belongings and the family members. Home security has come a long way in the last few decades. It was in the hands of a guard who manually provided surveillance during nights in the earlier days, but it was not fool proof as it was only normal for him to have momentary lapse of concentration.

The guard was also susceptible to sleep at times. It was then that home alarm system based upon electronic circuits were developed which proved to be highly reliable and were appreciated by the people as they were relieved from constant monitoring of their homes.

An automatic door alarm system is one of the home door alarm which is also called motion detector: The most common single-technology motion detecting sensor uses passive infrared (PIR) energy to recognize the movement of object, such as a person walking near the door. It is most effective in detecting when the heat mass moves across its field of vision.

This project proposes a system of automatic lightening system by sensing any body movement near the door. This is achieved with help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. A live body generally emits infrared energy which is sensed by the PIR sensor from a considerable distance. This sensing signal is fed to an integrated circuit to operate an ac light.

The controlling of home ac lights is usually maintained by the occupant of the house on several occasions. This is not only precarious but also sometimes results in wastage of power because of the negligence or unusual circumstances on part of the occupant of the house in operating the lights on and off. Not only in case of lights, even for controlling the home appliances like garden or outdoor lights, we can utilize the LDR for automatic switching OFF the lights based on daylight’s intensity by using a dark sensor.

This automatic light using LDR is a electrical project circuit by which we can switch on and off the electrical light automatically based on the day-light intensity instead of manually operating the switches.

By using this method, manpower can be reduced to a great extent. In case of the street lights/lamp erected on highways it is not an easy task to manually control them, but, if uncontrolled, the chances of power wastage would increase. To get rid of this situation, the implementation of automatic light by using a dark sensor that switches lights automatically on and off is the best option.

LM35 is the temperature sensor the senses the temperature of a room then controls the speed of a fan. Since our weather conditions are widely varied, temperature up and downs are common in our country. When the temperature is less than 20 ⁰C fan is not required, there by a facility is provided in the system that the fan will be switched off automatically at less than 20 ⁰C. The system is programmed to run the fan at its maximum speed at 40 ⁰C. Therefore the fan speed varies linearly between 20 ⁰C to 40 ⁰C. This device facilitates the operation of fan speed around the home or office automatically. It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate, a system that would be cheap and affordable, a reliable and easy to maintain system and durable system irrespective of usage. It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator reducing or increasing it. The system seeks to develop a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency.

1.2                                          AIM OF THE PROJECT

In this project, the main of this work is to designed a simple but very efficient home security and controlling device that has the function of alerting the user in case of an intruder, change of temperature or wrong entry alert.

1.3                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project has 3 basic modules that performs three different functions.
First module of this project detects if any person is entering inside the house. This feature is helpful at night time or whenever we are out of our home.
Second part of project serves the functionality of triggering an ac light during dark hours while the third one controls the speed of a fan according to room temperature using temperature sensor [3][4].

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1. Constant Protection: If you install a monitored alarm system in your home, you and your family have round-the-clock the protection against break-ins. Some systems also have fire alarms built in, which provides additional reassurance. The constant protection of an alarm system is particularly comforting when you may be away from your home for an extended period or you must leave your children home alone for an evening. It also means that your home is protected while you are sleeping so you can have peace of mind about your family’s safety and get a good night’s sleep.
2. Deterrent to Criminals: Most home intruder alarm systems provide small lawn signs or placards for your window that indicate that your home is protected by a security company. In many cases, the presence of this type of sign alone may persuade burglars and other criminals to pass over your home and move on to a dwelling that is not protected by a security system. Be sure to clearly display the decals and signs from your monitoring company to fully advertise your home’s security.

• Automatic switching OFF the lights based on daylight’s intensity by using a dark sensor. It relieves the user from the stress of moving from one place in attempt of switching of an ac lamps.

1. This system also protects the energy waste in an ac fan by switching it ON or OFF heat time and cold time.
2. This system is fully automated. So once this system is installed inside home or industry, then it does not require any human interaction to operate.
   With the use of this system we can save the life of person inside home / industry.
3. Also the property inside house and various materials inside the house and industry are saved from to theft.

• This system is Cost effective. Also it is Fast and efficient

1.5                                              PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT

False Alarms: While a home alarm system can provide security and peace of mind, it has the potential to become fairly annoying as well. It is not uncommon for false alarms to occur with your system.

PIR sensor can cause false alarm if the insect or any other related animals walks on the sensor.

LDR can also cause false triggering if external light (such as thunder lightening or motor flash) falls on the sensor [2].

1.6                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Expense: The primary reason while only few people install this device at home is because of the cost of purchasing it and the cost of installing the device. The cost of buying and installing this device is very high [3].

1.7                                         APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

1) This project has its main application in security system. This project can be used in home as domestic security system. It will be really useful for the security of flat, bungalow or any row house. It can be used in our house for theft detection at night time.

2) Various parameters monitored in this project like light and dark, theft detection and overheat or cold also applicable for industrial purpose as well.

3) We can use this project in Restaurants as well as hotels, since LPG Gas cylinders

1.8                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construction of the circuit was carried out.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9                                                         PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.